This project investigated how elevation and vegetation type influences variation in plant litter phenolic content and protein precipitation capacity among and within common plant species for two different vegetation types, heath and meadow, in a subarctic ecosystem in the Abisko region of northern Sweden. As nutrient availability generally decreases with increasing elevation as a result of decreasing temperature, I hypothesised that phenolic content would increase with elevation and be higher on the heath than the meadow. To test this, the total phenolic content and protein precipitation capacity was estimated in leaf litter from 13 species in both heath and meadow vegetation across an elevational gradient ranging from 500 to 1000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.) in the study region. The results showed that elevation and vegetation type both had a strong impact on both variables. Total phenolic concentrations decreased with elevation for the meadow, and were greater for the heath than the meadow.

The main purpose of this project was to make a survey of the steam and electricity consumption at Akzo Nobel Functional Chemistry AB and give suggestions of how to minimize them. These three different areas were focused on. First to make a survey of all the most important consumers, second to find the electricity consumption of the air compressors and the amount of waste heat produced from them. The third area was to calculate a model of how much fresh water that is used during a cooling sequence in the water based heating/cooling system of the reactors and give a suggestion of a suitable reuse for this water.The main result is a total survey of the energy consumption in steam and electricity. The survey shows that the second largest group after drying is heating of ventilation which gives big potentials of reducing the total steam consumption if there is a way of being self supporting in ventilation heat.

Enligt skollagen ska rektorn vara huvudansvarig för sin skolverksamhet. I uppdraget ingår administrativa uppgifter och pedagogiskt ledarskap, vilket innebär att rektorn har två skilda logiker att hantera, managerialism och professionalism. Den kvalitativa undersökningen fokuserar därmed på hur det pedagogiska ledarskapet ska utövas parallellt med administrativa uppgifter där ekonomiska styrförutsättningar skiljer kommunala och fristående verksamheter åt. Pedagogiskt ledarskap ska leda till goda studieresultat hos eleverna och anses därför som viktigt. Direkt forskning om rektorns delade ledarskap har inte skett inom skolvärden men däremot inom sjukvården som har flera likheter till skolverksamhetens organisation.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur personalchefer upplever sin egna psykosociala arbetsmiljö, vad det gäller arbetstillfredsställelse (motivation och kommunikation), arbetsrelaterad stress och ledarskap. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes med sju semistrukturerade intervjuer och utifrån ett grundläggande tematiskt tillvägagångsätt analyserades det insamlade materialet. Sammanfattningsvis indikerade resultaten att personalcheferna upplevde sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö som god, trots höga krav och perioder av stress.  Kontakten och arbetet med människor visades ha en stor betydelse för personalchefernas arbetstillfredsställelse. Resultatet visade också att chefserfarenheten gav goda förutsättningar för stresshantering och ledarskap..

This master thesis has been a pilot study preceding a forthcoming project of a larger scale with the long term objective to separate the direct effect of added nitrogen on soil processes from indirect effects via trees. The aim of this study has been to investigate the allocation of nitrogen following direct injection of liquid solutions into the xylem of 40 year old Norway spruce. The field site is located at Flakaliden (64°07?N, 19°27?E), approximately 60 km northwest of Umeå, Sweden. A total of 18 trees were selected for treatment, equally divided between three treatments, potassium nitrate, glutamine and water (control).

This study aims to look at female executives? view of their leadership in the male-dominated construction industry. The study is  qualitative and focuses on the respondents' subjective perceptions. We have conducted six interviews with women in different companies whose positions within each company varied. Using theories of subjectivity, emotions, impression management and organizational structures, to support the analysis conducted, this study shows that there are obstacles for women in the industry, but it also shows that it  seems to be facing a brighter future.

Denna studie bygger på huvudfrågan: Har musiken i grundskolan någon påverkan på elevens inställning till musik senare i livet? Under studien har nya infallsvinklar tagit form och lett studien till resultatet: Musiklärarens påverkan. Från en relativt smal syn på musikundervisningen i grundskolan har element som t ex läroplaner och ledarskapsteorier vidgat studiens syn för vad musiklärare i grundskolan har haft för styrmedel genom tiden för de fyra läroplanerna, Lgr 62, Lgr 69, Lgr 80 och Lpo 94. Denna studie kan urskilja att det har skett en progressiv utveckling av varje ny läroplan, och att lärarrollen har utvecklats med denna process. Musikundervisningen i grundskolan har gått från en traditionell till en mer öppen undervisningsform.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how propaganda has been used by two dictatorships, namely Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union under the leadership of Josef Stalin. By examining a number of propaganda posters and paintings, we aim to find similarities as well as differences in how the two nations attempted to create imagined communities amongst their people. While conducting this examination of the propaganda material, we have acquired and used some of the ideas of Benedict Anderson, who has coined a concept that he calls ?Imagined Communities?. In conclusion, it is established that the most obvious similarity is that both leaders are heavily included in their propaganda material, both pictured and mentioned in text.

Adherence to medical ordination is low and for long-time medication it is estimated to be as low as 50 percent. Depending on the prescribed drug this could lead to adverse effects and/or loss of effect of the drug. Information about why a drug is prescribed is important patient information and is thought to help increase compliance with the physician?s prescription. According to results from a recent study of visits to the emergency room at Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset in Solna, Stockholm, medically related problems were the cause in about 30 percent of the cases.

Today?s forest managers implement a large number of methods to increase the amount of dead wood in Swedish forests. They use everything from high cutting of trees to girdling trees and burning forests. However, implementation of these measures without proper knowledge of their consequences is a common problem. This study has been performed to increase knowledge about two of these measures, girdling and high cutting, and how these actions affect the number of wood-living insects living on dead trees.

A common problem in forestry is plant death caused by frost. The risk of frost is highest on wind protected, flat or low-lying areas in the terrain. Here you often have regeneration problems with Norwegian spruce which is especially sensitive to spring frost. Swedish tree experiments have shown that the black spruce can be a suitable alternative on these areas, for example on moisture frost prone areas. The species originates from North America and its pioneer tree characteristics make it more frost hardy than Norwegian spruce.

Syfte: Syftet med examensarbetet är att analysera vilka variabler som påverkar den verkställande direktörens totala ersättning samt hur sambanden mellan dem ser ut. Examensarbetet ämnar bidra resultat till den pågående samhällsdebatten kring verkställande direktörers ersättningar.Metod: Författarna använder en deduktiv forskningsansats och utgår från en kvantitativ undersökning i form av en multipel regressionsmodell. Vid insamling av information används sekundärdata.Teoretiska perspektiv: Författarna använder sig av agentteorin samt riktlinjer för lönesättning. Vidare utgår examensarbetet från tidigare forskning gjord inom ämnet som teoretisk referensram.Empiri: Studien baseras på 42 bolag noterade på Large Cap under den studerade tidsperioden åren 2000 till 2007 samt med svensk hemvist. Data hämtas från Datastream, Avanza och företagens årsredovisningar.Resultat: Studien visar på ett positivt samband mellan verkställande direktörers förändring i total ersättning och förändring i antal anställda, överavkastning, förändring i ROA och förändring i ROS samt ett negativt samband med förändring i omsättning, VD-byte samt antal år sedan börsintroduktion.

In recent years it has become more and more evident that man has contributed to much of the climate changes that have taken place during the last century. A major challenge today is to reduce emissions and energy usage at the same time as the global population is growing. To contribute to a better environment, Stockholms Stad has set at target of becoming fossil fuel free by the year of 2050. The construction of new districts is done with this goal in mind; energy efficiency and renewable energy sources are examples of methods to achieve this.Solar energy is considered to be a sustainable energy source and the most common techniques to harvest solar energy in Sweden are solar cells and solar collectors which produce electricity and heat respectively. This report aims to investigate whether an investment in any of these systems would prove to be economically beneficial at Kvarnholmen, a district under construction in eastern Nacka, Stockholm.Since the finished blueprints only cover a small portion of Kvarnholmen, the report examines the possibilities for a house where construction has already begun, Nya Kvarnen.

This master thesis covers the seasonal planning of a small scale hydropower system. The system in this study is owned and operated by Mälarenergi Vattenkraft AB. The total system consists of 4 different main rivers with 24 hydropower stations and several dams. The total installed power in the system is 43.75 MW. Most of the hydropower stations are regarded as small scale hydropower stations and thus entitled to green certificates.In this report the issue of planning is formulated as an optimization problem.

Forest streams and the associated riparian zones are sensitive to disturbances and changes that occur within these riparian areas. Particularly sensitive are small streams of low order, which will have large impacts down-stream. The disturbances that occur in the riparian zones are reflected quickly in the stream. Driving with forestry machines in the riparian zone will have detrimental effects to the soil and water. Driving the machines will lead to changes in the mineral soil composition, resulting in the reduction of porosity, less infiltration, compaction, and an increased bulk density.