When are aerial bombing strategies effective in coercing target states? According to the recent research debate there is a consensus that denial strategies may be an effective instrument for coercing states to change their politics. This study is based on Belkin?s theory which argues that the effectiveness of denial strategies may depend in part on the domestic legitimacy of the target states? regimes. From a political standpoint, aerial denial effectiveness can be considered more likely to coerce when political leaders of target states lack domestic legitimacy rather than when they are legitimate.   The purpose of this study is to contribute an explanation of a condition where denial strategies are more likely to succeed.

Research suggests that society's vulnerability to natural disasters along coasts could increase as a result of climate change, which is likely to lead to elevated sea levels and possibly an increase in the occurance of meteorological phenomena such as storms and tropical cyclones. Following the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster in 2004 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, both of which received considerable media attention, empirical data has indicated that coastal vegetation might be able to protect and reduce damages to coastal communities during tsunami events and tropical cyclones.The aim of the essay has been to study the function of coastal ecosystems as protection against tsunami waves and storms from a risk management perspective, meaning that I have, through an overview of scientific articles, compiled current research on how coastal ecosystems can attenuate storm surges and tsunami waves, and analysed how this knowledge can be put into practice in coastal communities from a risk management perspective, i.e. if coastal ecosystems are a viable risk reduction measure, are practically applicable, and if so, how they could be applied.There is empirical evidence suggesting that coastal ecosystems, particularly mangroves, can reduce the strength of a tsunami wave, but full scientific consensus on this issue has not yet been reached. With regard to protection against storm surges, there is extensive scientific evidence that coastal vegetation can mitigate damages and reduce the height of a storm surge, although the wave has to traverse several kilometres inland through thick vegetation for the protection to be effective. A synthesis in the form of a figure regarding the many physical factors that influence wave development through coastal ecosystems has been created in an attempt to simplify and explain the phenomenon.The conservation and restoration of coastal ecosystems can be justified from a risk management perspective, but planting new forest belts for the purpose of disaster mitigation is quite unrealistic and can rarely be sustainable, since, for protection to be effective, the forest belt must extend several kilometres inland from the coast, and would thus likely prove difficult to implement along coastal societies..

Den här uppsatsen behandlar genusmarkörer i Axel Törnemans sena konstnärskap. Syftet är att undersöka maskulina och feminina markörer i fyra av konstnärens målningar: Gatans rytm (1916), Gudrun i blått (1917), Mazeppa (1918) och Ungdom (1919). Dessutom diskuteras huruvida konstverkens motiv har förbindelser med samtida uppfattningar kring könsroller. Frågeställningarna berör först hur en möjlig relation mellan markörerna gestaltas och problematiseras i konstverken, sedan hur detta kan ge perspektiv på tidsperiodens föreställningar om könsroller. Metoden går ut på att först undersöka maskulina och feminina markörer i målningarna, därefter diskuteras möjliga relationer till kontexten.

Three methods of sensitivity and unceartainty analysis have been applied to the operative stormwater- and recipient model StormTac. The study area is the watershed of lake Flaten in the municipality Salem. StormTac?s submodels for stormwater, pollutant transport and the recipient are cosidired. In the sensitivity assessment, the model parametres and inputs were varied one at a time by a constant percentage according to the ?one at a time? (OAAT) method and the response of the outputs were calculated.

The aim for this study where to investigate the frequency of cutting cracks in saw timber harvested in the storm-damaged forests in regions where the storms Hilde and Ivar hit. The idea for this work came from one of the region?s biggest actors, SCA Skog and Jämtlands district. The purpose where to find out how big proportion of the saw timber that contains cutting cracks, their financial cost in lost wood value and also give advice and suggestions on how to work against the frequency of cutting cracks. For the field-study some guidelines where used to make sure that the samples were taken under the same conditions, they were: ? The field-study must be performed under harvesting of storm-felled forest, which are horizontal/inclined trunks. ? The averaged sized tree will make it possible to harvest saw timber. ? The trunks can?t be root cut. A methodology called in Swedish ?Trissmetoden? was used because it is the most frequent used methodology in earlier performed studies and the only one that can be used I field. Under the field-study data were collected from 570 saw timber logs, 30 logs from each one of the tested harvesters.

Studien belyser hur människor, som drabbades av stormen Gudrun i januari 2005, upplevde och handlade då de inte kunde nås av viktig kriskommunikation på grund av el- och teleavbrott. Syftet är att belysa dels de svårigheter som bristen på medier innebär för katastrofdrabbade människor i det svenska informationssamhället, dels hur deras kommunikationsmönster förändras för att tillfredställa det informationsbehov som finns.Arbetet är kvalitativt med intervjuer och observationer som huvudsakliga tekniker. Det empiriska underlaget består av intervjuer med åtta personer på den småländska glesbygden, som är ett område som drabbades av hårt av stormen. Olika kommunikationsmodeller, mediekategorier, begreppet informationssamhälle och användningsmodellen utgör mina metodologiska utgångspunkter.Materialet visar att utan fungerande medier, kände intervjupersonerna sig utsatta och avskärmade. Informationsbehovet efter stormen var stort och då medierna inte kunde fungera som kanal tog kriskommunikationen nya vägar och former.

The spruce bark beetle (Ips typographhus) is one of the 25 000 species of insects in Sweden, an insect of great economic importance because it can alone terminate forest of high value. During the past decade, insights of climate change received with increasing attention. If the future brings a milder climate in the north and therefore a longer growing season, one would think that it would only affect the forestry to the better? Yet in recent time, outbreaks after storm felling seems to occur more frequently. The Spruce bark beetle ruins millions of cubic meter of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Sweden alone, with more frequent storm felling and a larger amount of wind thrown threes in the forests there will also be room for an advancing reproduction.

Strax efter milleniumskiftet har ett flertal svenska filmer gjorts som är influerade av populärgenrer som förhållandevis skiljer sig från vad filmpubliken i Sverige är van vid, däribland science fiction och skräck. Tre svenska filmer gjorda under 00-talet: Storm, Frostbiten och Kenny Begins, har valts ut för att se hur de förhåller sig till äldre och mer välbekanta konventioner i svensk film men också konventioner hos de mer internationellt spridda genrer som analysexemplen tillhör. .

A storm in January 2005 felled 75 millions cubic metres of forest in South Sweden. Previous studies of wind damage in thinned stands indicated the importance of early thinnings. The risks of wind throw increased by increasing age and height of the stands. Previous studies also indicated increasing risk of wind throw along the strip roads. The aim of the present study was to investigate wind damage in Norway spruce stands in South Sweden in relation to time of the first thinning and different pattern of strip roads (width, length and direction).

Jag vill med mitt examensarbete mäta ALP-testets validitet. Syftet blir därför att analysera ALP-testet i sig och försöka finna om ALP verkligen mäter det som avses. Jag använder tre metoder: screening, innehållsanalys och observationer. Dessa metoder genererar ett stort antal data vilka jag sedan grundar mina resultat på. Utifrån mina resultat kan jag konstatera att validiteten i ALP 2 och ALP 3 är relativt låg.

SammanfattningKandidatuppsats i nationalekonomi, Ekonomihögskolan vid Växjö universitet.Nationalekonomi, NAC 346, Vårterminen 2006Författare: Christina Nilsson och Helena StareHandledare: Håkan Locking och Klas SandénTitel: Hur kommer det sig att de verkställande direktörerna har så hög lön? ? Ett empiriskt test av tre teorierBackgrund: Verkställande direktörers ersättning har länge gett upphov till debatter runt om i världen. Detta eftersom deras lön ökar allt mer och skapar en allt större klyfta till de övriga anställda. I Sverige år 2000 tjänade näringslivets toppchefer 46,4 gånger mer än industriarbetaren.Syfte: Att kontrollera om någon av de tre teorierna, neoklassiska teorin, turneringsteorin samt agentteorin, kan ge någon förklaring till varför löneersättning är så hög som den är. De vi undersökte i denna uppsats var följande hypoteser: Hypotes A: En verkställande direktörs ersättning varierar med 1) företagets storlek, 2) företagets prestation, 3) den verkställande direktörens ålder, 4) den verkställande direktörens utbildning, samt 5) den verkställande direktörens anställningslängd i företaget.

The southern part of Sweden, Skåne, is frequently exposed to storms causing great damage to Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) stands. A storm during the winter 1999/2000 raised the attention of the problem. A lot of forest owners got large areas of spruce stands wind thrown during this storm. Can naturally regenerated birch (Betula sp.) be an alternative on these wind-exposed sites? This was the main question I was facing when discussilig the problems with Esben Möller Madsen, Söderåsens forest district. The aim of this master thesis was to present an economic analysis of Norway spruce versus birch.

This study has been carried out at Södra´s 31 local forestry districts and within six plant terminals. The production and sale of seedlings at Södra is managed in collaboration with ?Södra Odlarna?. Approximately 35 million plants are cultivated each year, providing Södra´s members with a wide choice of high quality plants. The seedlings are nurtured at nurseries before transferred to plant terminals where they are stored and watered.

To be able to secure a safe and reliable power supply is becoming increasingly important since society depends on services and functions that need continuous power supply. The delivery rate in Swedish power supply is 99.98 % which insists on a high availability. During the past decade several storms has passed Sweden which resulted in large amount of tree felling leading to extended power outages. During these storms many socially critical activities, such as electric utility company Fortum, experienced disruption in mobile communication which affected the crisis management. This paper has investigated Swedish mobile operators? crisis management at Hi3G, Tele2 and TeliaSonera with a case study of the storm Dagmar that hit Sweden during December in 2011.

Political scandals are constantly abound in the media, rulers face the global tribunal of the mass media and are forced to defend their actions and above all, their position in society. This essay concerns itself with that defence ? more specifi- cally with the defence of four Swedish politicians in high office during four different scandals. Gudrun Schymans? eva- sion, Laila Freivalds? dealing with the tsunami disaster in Thailand, Annie Lo?o?fs? tangle concerning representation notes and public documents and Tobias Billstro?ms? statements concerning undocumented immigrants and asylum seekers.