Discharge of inadequately treated waste water containing nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen as well as organic matter and bacteria is associated with a risk of eutrophication and contamination. The Swedish government has decided upon several Environmental Quality Objectives aiming to reduce the emissions of nutrients to water bodies.In Sweden, there are between 675 000 to 1 000 000 on-site sewage systems. Recent studies have shown that the function of small sewage treatment plants is in many cases insufficient. To prevent this regular service and supervision by a professional is needed. The focus of this study are small sewage treatment plants which use a technique where mechanical, chemical and/or biological reduction of pollutants is being used in the same facility to reduce nutrients in household wastewater.The aim of the study is to investigate how different municipalities ensure that small sewage treatment plants fulfill the requirements and reduce pollutants as efficient as the manufacturers claim.

The object of this essay was to illustrate and analyse what determines that a contract treatment investigation for a drug addict is initiated and what factors influence the investigation itself, from the probation service officer's perspective.We selected the following two questions:- What does the probation service officer see as being the deciding factor for a contract treatment investigation to be initiated?- What questions appear in a contract treatment investigation and how do they influence the investigation, according to the probation service officer?To find answers to these questions we conducted interviews with 11 probation service officers, during November and December 2005, at three different locations across Skåne. We decided to use the qualitative method for collecting the data we needed.In our essay we came to the conclusion that the will and motivation of the client is a deciding factor whether or not a contract treatment investigation is to be initiated. An important collaborator in this process is the social services. According to the probation service officers, many of the problems that may appear in the co-operation are due to the tough economic constraints experienced by the social services.

Det finns faktorer på arbetet som påverkar yrkesverksamma till att bli mer eller mindre stressade. Socialt arbete inom socialtjänsten präglas ofta av en hög arbetsbelastning, höga krav, orealistiska förväntningar och i allmänhet ett komplext arbete. Det är något som påverkar hur den enskilda socialarbetaren upplever stress. Studiens syfte är att undersöka risk- och skyddsfaktorer för yrkesrelaterad stress hos socialarbetare samt deras copingstrategier vid stress. Den valda metoden för studien är kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra socialarbetare inom socialtjänsten.

This essay addresses the issue of stress by income earners in Sweden 18-64 years old and any possible relationship to their social ties and the individualization process. The data were collected through a questionnaire, sent out to about 185 working men and women. The results showed a relationship between fewer social ties in everyday life and perceived stress of the individual. The result also showed a relationship between higher degree of individualization and stress. Both of these correlations is confirmed by previous research on the concept of work-life and theory of the new individualism.One of the most interesting results the study showed was that there was none relationship with gender and perceived stress in the individual.

Stress definieras som en obalans mellan krav och resurser. Krav och kontrollmodellen samt krav- resursmodellen menar att krav är en negativ faktor. Andra menar att det finns negativt hindrande och positivt utmanande krav. En individ hanterar stress genom olika copingstrategier, två av dem är problemorienterad strategi och emotionell strategi. Forskning har visat att individer med en problemorienterad strategi hanterar stress bättre än de med emotionell strategi.

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur stress konstrueras i svenska tidningar samt vilka skillnader och likheter som finns i konstruktionen av mäns och kvinnors stress. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är Berger och Luckmanns socialkonstruktionism som innebär att allt är socialt konstruerat. Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys har också legat till grund för studiens teoretiska och metodologiska ramverk. För att besvara studiens syfte har Faircloughs tredimensionella modell använts för att analysera artiklar från Sveriges fyra största tidningar. Artiklarna som analyserades handlade om mäns och kvinnors stress.

Introduktion: Stress blir allt vanligare och det påverkar människan negativt både psykiskt och fysiskt. Den förekommer bland både kvinnor och män. Minskad saliv, kost och intagsfrekvens samt munhygienvanor medför ökad risk för kariesutveckling. Karies utvecklas genom demineralisering och den orsakas av bland annat mutans streptokocker och lactobaciller som finns i placket. Därför syftar studien till att hitta samband mellan stress och dessa riskfaktorer.Syfte: Att studera hur stress påverkar riskfaktorer för karies.Frågeställningar: Hur påverkas salivproduktionen av stress? Hur påverkas kostvanorna av stress? Hur påverkas munhygienvanorna av stress?Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie.

AbstraktSyftet med studien är att försöka finna förståelse för hur muslimer uppfattar och hanterar stress utifrån deras egna kulturella normer. För att skapa en djupare inblick i den Islamska kulturen så utfördes en kvalitativ undersökning på plats i södra Turkiet. Fokus var riktat på det muslimska perspektivet av stress, då önskan var att undersöka vad stress innebar utifrån deras eget synsätt samt vad som användes i hanteringen av stress. Kvalitativa djupintervjuer genomfördes med fem kvinnor och sju män som var religiöst troende. Respondenterna hade relativt likartade upplevelser och tillväga- gångsätt i hanteringen av stress.

The aim of this study is to examine if and to what extent the personnel at the local school perceive offensive treatment through the social media among the students and what the personnel thinks about the responsibility of the school to prevent this type of abuse. Offensive treatment through the social media has become a common occurrence among youth and affects health in both psychological and physical ways. As offensive treatment through the social media often takes place outside of school in the students spare time the responsibility of their health is unclear. But since it affects their school results the school has a responsibility to act, which is confirmed by legislation. However, the legislation does not mention offensive treatment through the social media and the school has no distinct guidelines to prevent this form of offensive treatment.

ABSTRACTBackground and aims: Nutrition is a part of the medical treatment, and also a part of the nursingcare. In spite of this, malnutrition is a common problem in the health care sector. Studies show thatnurses have too little knowledge about nutrition and malnutrition and that nutrition has low priorityin the daily work. The aim with this study was to find out the nurses self-reported knowledge aboutand their attitudes towards malnutrition, nutrition screening, prevention and treatment of patientswith malnutrition.Methods: A questionnaire was handed out to 65 nurses in two different care units and 36questionnaires were answered.Results: The respondents from the two care units self-reported their knowledge about nutrition andmalnutrition low. Most of the respondents stated to have a big need of education about nutritionscreening and more than half of the respondents stated that they have a need of education forprevention and treatment of malnutrition.

Stress har alltid förekommit hos våra förfäder då var det en instinkt på kamp eller flykt. Men i dag utsätts vi för stress i olika former. Positiv stress är bra för oss, det ger oss energi då vi ställs inför utmaningar som vi klarar av. Negativ stress uppstår när vi ställs inför höga påfrestningar och kontrollen går förlorad. Stressen kan ha en negativ inverkan både fysiskt och psykiskt.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how health care providers, working at care facilities providing maintenance treatment programs for opiate dependence, perceive and manage the legal framework governing the treatment. The study is limited to a few particular rules within this framework which over the recent decade have been the subject matter of debate regarding i.a. their alleged lack of relation to scientific research and their frequently disastrous implications for program participants. The empirical material consists of interviews with five respondents working at four different care facilities and has been analyzed by using Lipskys theory on street-level bureaucrats as policymaking agents. The results of the study show that the rules are looked upon and dealt with in a liberal fashion and that the primary loyalty of the maintenance treatment staff is clearly directed towards promoting the well-being of their patients and helping them reach their treatment goals rather than strictly following the rules..

Stress kan beskrivas som en brist på balans mellan de krav som ställs på oss och vår förmåga att handskas med dem. När stress blir långvarig och utdragen blir det till slut en bestående obalans mellan kroppens nedbrytande och uppbyggande funktioner. Det finns rapporter från de senaste tio åren som visar att sjuksköterskor upplever de högsta nivåerna av yrkesrelaterad stress inom hälso- och sjukvård. Det kan uppstå skadliga reaktioner i kroppen och påverkan kan uppkomma både psykiskt, fysiskt och socialt i till exempel omvårdnadsarbetet eller i organisationen. Det gör att sjuksköterskor sätter sin fysiska och psykiska hälsa på spel.

AbstractTitle: The signification of the traditional gender roles in misuse treatment ? the experiences of eight addictsAuthor: Andersson Malin, Gunnarsson AnnelieSupervisor: Lindberg OddThe purpose with this essay is to study if the staff in two LVM treatment facilities do strengthen the traditional gender roles in their daily work and interactions with the clients. The aim was also to study if the staff reconstruct traditional gender roles and if this can be seen as an advantage or disadvantage in the treatment. Finally the aim was to investigate if the staff encouraged the clients to break loose from the traditional gender roles. A qualitative approach using face to face interviews was used.

Swedish law (SOL 2001:45, LVU 1990:52) has gone through several changes to promote participation. The law also includes that young people should be able to participate even during a placement at youth detentions.  The aim of this study is to describe how young people at youth detentions are participated in their treatment plans. The questions of the study were: How and where are the young opinions produced in their treatment plans; how did the opinions change during the time in detention; and how have the opinions been considered at youth detentions? Participation is a wide concept with different meanings. The meaning of participation in this study is that youth have been listened to and that their opinions have been paid attention to.