Urinvägsinfektion är den vanligast förekommande vårdrelaterade infektionen varav urinvägskatetrar orsakar cirka 90 %. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om val av metod och material för urinvägskateterisering kan minska förekomsten av kateterrelaterade urinvägsinfektioner. Uppsatsen genomfördes som en litteraturstudie. Femton vetenskapliga artiklar granskades och analyserades. Katetrar belagda med hydrogel, silver och antibiotika tycks ha en hämmande effekt gällande uppkomst av urinvägsinfektioner.

The European Union's long-term budget negotiations during the summer of 2005 were obstructed from being successful due to a quite fierceful debate about the future guidelines of the Common Agricultural Policy. A quarrel about money and who gets what, was the common answer as to why it took the European leaders six months to accept the budget, and quite rightfully. This essay, however, goes beneath those explanations and tries to see what other reasons there might be for such a phenomena.With a new institutionalistic approach this study seeks to see what underlying reasons for why an institution such as CAP is so resistant to change. With special attention to the new historical institutionalism and the rational choice institutionalism the study successfully shows that though the front laying reasons to the problems with the budget might have been economical, several other factors also affected the outcome of the budget negotiations.Structures, national identity and decisions taken when outlining the Common Agricultural Policy in the 1960's still affect the European union, its members and foremost of all, the Policy/institution itself..

Attitudes towards violence were assessed using both implicit (The Single Category Implicit Association Test; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) and explicit measurements (a Feeling Thermometer). A group of criminals showed more positive explicit and implicit attitudes towards violence than a group of non-criminals. In addition, The Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) revealed significant differences in aggression between the groups; criminals' mean scores were higher on all four subscales (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility). Furthermore, significant correlations were found between all the measures, including the implicit and explicit attitude measures. The findings support the validity of the SC-IAT as an implicit measure of violent attitudes.

This report shows methods and workflow when exploring the potential to change Outotecs HCD Silver Electrolysis machine to a module type. It?s done as an attempt to lower the workshop and installation costs and to give customer a more accurate prize directly. To do this a concept was produced which was set to a stress test. Additional objectives were to investigate freight and installation procedures, pneumatic connections and to calculate the difference in cost.Once the concept, a reinforced type of the original frame, was chosen stress tests in computer simulations were made and appropriate alterations were made.

The research in this paper aims to producing a home version machine thatcan dry and make biological waste into compact pellets. This product ismade primarily for those who want to improve the environment and reducethe energy consuming process of separating the biological leftovers fromother waste in the large processing plants and save money due to reducedpickups of waste. Since there is no commercially available product thatdoes what we want to achieve we had to start from the beginning with boththe design and the mechanical aspects. The result is a machine, that fits inour homes, and in an easy and inexpensive way reduces the amount ofbiological waste that needs to be collected by the public wastetransportation system. This is done without reducing any of the energy inthe waste and it can still be used to compost or by large-scale plants that usethe waste to make electricity.

Climate change is an increasingly widely known concept. In the EU the construction sector is responsible for more than a third of the carbon dioxide emissions and 40 % of the total energy use. In Sweden, measures have been taken to prevent this climate change. By 16 targets, three of which can be linked to the construction sector, Sweden will reduce the negative trend. None of the three goals with relation to the construction sector will however be achieved before 2020.

SAMMANFATTNING Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns något samband mellan dialekter och åhörarnas förväntningar på identitet hos den dialekttalande. Är våra förväntningar så hårt inpräntade av tidigare erfarenheter att vi analyserar en person, och dömer den enbart med hjälp av personens dialekt? Frågeställningarna blev följande: hur ser intervjupersonerna på sin egen dialekt? På vilket sätt påverkas intervjupersonen av de olika dialekterna samt vilka förutfattade meningar, sedan tidigare erfarenheter, om dialektbrukarens identitet går att finna hos dessa intervjupersoner? Metodologiskt användes en semistrukturerad intervjuform som åtföljdes av en ram som fångade in olika huvudteman. Urvalet bestod av tolv intervjupersoner i åldrarna 20-30 år. Intervjuerna varade mellan 30-40 minuter.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur ett projekt med klassikerläsning i en årskurs åtta går till. Frågeställningarna är hur och varför läraren väljer att lägga upp undervisningen på ett visst sätt, hur eleverna upplever läsningen och lärarens undervisning, samt om det finns några skillnader mellan killar och tjejers läsning. Undersökningen är kvalitativ och har ett didaktiskt och ett receptionsteoretiskt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att läraren konstruerar svenskämnet utifrån ett erfarenhetspedagogiskt perspektiv med skönlitteraturen i centrum och att hon använder sig av litteräranalytiska redskap som beskrivning av tid, huvudperson och handling. Tjejerna är generellt mer positiva till läsning än killarna.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för hur organisationer som utsätts för negativ publicitet bör kommunicera med medarbetarna, för att bibehålla deras förtroende för organisationen. Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ fallstudie där vi samlat in vår empiri genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Upprättandet av en dialog är det effektivaste kommunikationsmedlet för att kommunicera med medarbetare. För stora organisationer är det svårt att upprätta en genomgående dialog på alla nivåer, och även om den i viss mån förekommer i den dagliga kommunikationen, så uppstår svårigheter när negativ publicitet ska kommuniceras på ett internt plan. Trots att begränsade resurser kan hindra optimal kommunikation vid negativ publicitet, är det viktigt att ledningen inte tiger, utan kommenterar det inträffade.

Narratives about life-changing events like cancer have become more common in today?s society. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether gender patterns in society can also be found in pathographies about cancer, and further to investigate how gender is expressed in these cancer related narratives. Questions were posed on characteristics of the autobiographical cancer narratives, how gender is constructed by the authors of these narratives, and what these narratives say about gender structures? liability to change in the individuals affected by this disease.

Systematic quality work in preschool ? How preschool teachers thinking and working with systematic quality work The purpose of this study was to investigate how Swedish preschool teachers thinking and working with systematic quality work. All Swedish preschools are required to work systematically with quality. This involves several steps that follow each other in a specific order. It includes following up, documenting and evaluating preschool activities.

The objective of this thesis is to make a training material for KSU, which shows how radiation affects the different electronic components in a radiological environment.All electronic systems in the presence of high ionizing radiation can experience difficulties and be destroyed.This influence may compromise the control system and thus the safety of a nuclear reactor plant.To achieve this objective requires a description of electronic components and sensors, to better understand its function.This thesis will also show the possible solutions available that the author found interesting.Organizations such as NASA, CERN and ESA have worked to develop electronic components immune to radiation. Those organizations have also developed a test protocol that guarantees to a certain extent the security of electronic components in a radiological environment.Since we know how the material reacts with the radiation, it could develop a material that can be resistant to radiation or like CMOS technology has proposed, to reduce the component to avoid the storage of charge in the oxide.Another solution can be the GRAPHENE. Its features will revolutionize the electronics and provide answer to the radiation problems, Graphene will replace Silicium and the electronic components will only have a few nanometers dimensions so the oxide area also reduces, and in this way avoid the known problem of storage of charge..

The aim of this study is to compare attitudes to change among innovation and economics students and teachers at one of the universities in Sweden.Data about students? and teachers? attitudes to change was gathered using a survey.Keeping in mind that knowledge can lower ones resistance this study is based on a hypothesis that individuals from the innovations program have a lower resistance to change. The study is also based on earlier research in regards to comparisons between students and teachers.The results of the study show that teachers have less resistance to change than students. Individuals in the innovation program are however less resistant to change than individuals in the economics program.One can discuss whether or not results of the study show that the hypothesis is correct.The difference between individuals in the economics- and the innovation program are statistically significant and has moderate effects in reality. The differences between teachers and students are statistically significant but only have a small effect.It is however a starting-point for future studies that will possibly explore the subject more profoundly..

MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) är en infektionssjukdom som är relativt outforskad och kunskap om att leva med den är begränsad. Att drabbas av sjukdom påverkar ofta det dagliga livet. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva upplevelsen av att leva med MRSA. Litteraturstudien utfördes genom att tio kvalitativa studier analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med manifest ansats. Fyra kategorier framkom: Att leva i okunskap, Att inte få vård på samma villkor som andra, Att känna sig pestsmittad, Att begränsa sitt liv för att inte smitta andra.

Ethiopia is the country with most livestock per capita on the continent of Africa. There are 34.5 million cattle that are used for drought, meat- and milkproduction and 85% of the population rely on agriculture for their survival in some way. Milk is produced in four main systems, through pastoralism in the lowlands, in mixed crop-livestock systems in the highlands, in and near big cities with only one or two cows, and in intensive farming systems. There are 17 cattle breeds in Ethiopia and some of them are more suitable for milk production than others. Several environmental and economic problems arise from livestock holding in the country, for example overgrazing, low production due to feed shortage, low quality of the avaible feed and non-existing breeding programs.