Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva vilka tecken en sjuksköterska bör vara vaksam på för att kunna identifiera barnmisshandel. Författarna hade även som syfte att beskriva hur sjuksköterskan upplever identifieringen av misshandlade barn. Litteratursökning gjordes i Medline via PubMed samt manuellt. Totalt valdes 20 artiklar till resultatet. Av resultatet i litteraturstudien framkom att misshandlade barn i stor utsträckning uppvisar både fysiska och psykiska tecken.

The presence of cystic ovarian follicles represents an important ovarian dysfunction and is a major cause of reproductive failure in dairy cattle. A cystic ovarian follicle is a persistent follicular-like structure on one or both of the ovaries. It is at least 2,5cm in diameter and it has to persist for at least ten days while a corpus luteum is missing. There are two kinds of cystic ovarian follicles, those who have a progesterone production and those who have not. A clear definition for this condition is lacking, probably because the heterogeneity of the clinical signs and the complexity of the disorder.

The Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia, predominantly in calves, and is a major cause of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. In humans, BRSV is paralleled by the closely related Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), an important cause of respiratory disease, most severe in infants.The clinical signs and pathology during RSV infection is caused, not only by the direct effects of viral replication, but also by the response of the host immune system. The immunopathology of RSV has long obfuscated our understanding of the disease, and development of effective treatment and vaccines will be very difficult until greater knowledge is gained.One of the components of the immune system that has come into focus in RSV research the last few years, is the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The TLR4 receptor is well known as the receptor that binds lipopolysaccaride (LPS), and initiates the host response to bacterial infection. Recently, it has been shown that the fusion protein of RSV also interacts with, and up-regulates the expression of, the TLR4 receptor.

Vaccinology is an ever expanding field. As a member of the veterinary staff it is important to stay up to date with the continuous new scientific data and recommendations that affect the care that our companion animals receive at the veterinary clinic. This paper presents adverse vaccination reactions, their cause, risk factors and suggestions how we can minimize the risk of adverse vaccine events in dogs. Dog owners in Sweden were allowed to answer a questionnaire about adverse events following vaccination. Lethargy, edema and pruritus were among the most frequently seen adverse effects.

The aim: was to describe and compare a group of experts and critical care nurses' agreement in detecting delirium in intubated, ventilator treated patients with sedation / analgesia, before and after an in house training intervention with the instrument Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).Method: A quasi-experimental study, one group pretest - posttest design. A convenience sample of 17 critical care nurses in a general intensive care unit included. To detect delirium the instrument CAM-ICU was used, 21 paired tests before and 22 after an educational intervention.Main Results: The results showed that after an in house training intervention sensitivity and kappa coefficient improved of the characteristic 1 "acute onset and fluctuating course," an improvement that was significant. In other features, and overall values were signs of numerical improvement and deterioration in sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient but no significant change.Conclusion: Implementing a new instrument for detecting delirium in clinical practice requires education and follow-up. A small sample of critical care nurses with varying ability to use the new instrument and the fact that patients' status may change rapidly making it difficult to draw any conclusions from this study.

Bakgrund: Sepsis ?r ett livshotande tillst?nd som i ca 20% av fallen resulterar i en d?dlig utg?ng. Eftersom sjukdomsf?rloppet ofta ?r akut ?r tidig identifiering och omedelbara ?tg?rder avg?rande f?r att f?rb?ttra patientens prognos. F?r att underl?tta detta anv?nds olika screeninginstrument som st?d i bed?mningen.

The purpose of this essay was to examine six high school welfare officers' experiences and work with students suffering from social phobia and discuss the welfare officers' view on social phobia from a psychiatric, cognitive and a knowledge theory. The study consists of qualitative interviews with welfare officers from several different high schools and attempts to answer the following questions: What previous experiences do welfare officers have of students with social phobia? How do welfare officers become aware of students with symptoms of social phobia and bring forth their problems? How do welfare officers describe their social work with students suffering from social phobia?The welfare officers' experiences of students with social phobia varied but turned out to be less salient than the amount of research in the area would suggest. The theoretical knowledge also varied, as did the acquiring and use of theory. These findings were then analysed on the basis of Rosmari Eliassons thoughts on knowledge, leading to the conclusion that the interviewed welfare officers do not construct their work on praxis-knowledge.

Title: Identity and self-staging in the blogosphere- A qualitative (text and semiotic) study of the fashionblog ?iMilk?Number of pages: 55 (excluding references and appendix)Author: Lea KaufmannTutor: Göran SvenssonCourse: Media- and Communication Studies DPeriod: Spring term 2013University: Uppsala UniversityPurpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to theoreticallyinterpret contemporary identity in the web by analyzingthree fashion blog posts created by Signe Siemsen.The analysis is based on theories regarding identity andself-staging in the network society. The work aims tohighlight the relatively fresh theme "Internet as anidentity-creating and identity-seeking platform" andexplores ways of using a blog in order to create a virtualidentity. The study calls for more in-depth research andfurther discussion.Material: The material consists of iMilk, a Swedish fashion blogwritten by a 21-year-old girl. The blog existed betweenSeptember 2007 and March 2010 and three posts,namely from September 2007, April 2008 and October32008, were analyzed based on theories regarding identityand internet by Manuel Castells and John Sulers.Method: The following thesis is based on a qualitative discourseanalysis and a semiotic image analysis.Main results: The thesis you are about to read shows clear signs ofhow the creator behind iMilk, Signe Siemsen, is using herblog to construct and highlight selected parts of herpersonality and to define the person she wants to be andbe seen as.

Bakgrund: Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) är ett bedömningsinstrument för utvärdering av patienters vitalparametrar. Verktygets funktion är att genom strukturerade observationer identifiera patienter med sviktande vitala funktioner, och således kunna vidta åtgärder innan patienten avlider eller kräver intensivvård. Nyttan av MEWS inom onkologisk heldygnsvård är än så länge dokumenterat i mycket liten utsträckning. En studie från 2012 indikerar att MEWS inte är ett effektivt verktyg för att förutse försämringar hos onkologiska patienter. Syfte: Att undersöka om patienter inom onkologisk vård uppvisar MEWS 0-17 poäng veckan innan dödsfall. Vidare ämnar författarna vilka specifika parametrar inom MEWS som orsakade förhöjda totalpoäng, samt om några skillnader föreligger mellan män och kvinnor.Metod: Retrospektiv journalgranskningsstudie där dokumentation av MEWS-bedömningar granskades i 70 patientjournaler.Resultat: Undersökningsgruppen hade ett genomsnittligt MEWS på 2,99 under den sista levnadsveckan. Av de enskilda variablerna inom MEWS var andningsfrekvens den som oftast gav poäng ?1.

Background:  Heart failure is a multidimensional phenomenon with high mortality. Heart failure is treated with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) that counteract neurohormonal stimuli that occur in heart failure, as well as providing vessel dilatation, which reduces symptoms and the need for hospitalization and increases survival. Despite this, only about 50% of heart failure patients survive 6 years after diagnosis with drug therapy, and as heart failure is increasing globally, due to improved care and treatment and increasing life expectancy of the population, there is a great need for new drugs such as LCZ696 that acts by dual inhibition of the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system and neprilysin inhibition.Objective: The aim of this literature study was to evaluate the efficacy of current treatment and possible future treatments on mortality and morbidity in heart failure patients.Results: The examined articles show that treatment with ACE inhibitors in patients with symptomatic heart failure reduces the risk of total mortality by 16% over 3.5 years, reduces all-cause mortality or hospitalization due to heart failure with NNT (number needed to treat) = 10.4 over 3.5 years and increases median survival by 9.2 months over 12.1 years in patients with asymptomatic heart failure. Treatments with high-dose ACE inhibitors reduce mortality and hospitalization because of cardiovascular causes and hospitalizations from any cause by NNT = 30 over 3 years. Beta-blockers reduce sudden death and total mortality and cardiac death or non - fatal myocardial infarction with NNT = 38 and NNT = 23, respectively, over 12 months.

The effectiveness of Phlebiopsis gigantea to prevent spore infections from Heterobasidionannosum and Heterobasidion parviporum on hybrid larch stumps were investigated in fivestands in southern Sweden. All sites are former forest land and the age of the trees wasbetween 9 and 13 years.The study was implemented in August 2010, a month where spore dispersal should be great.The five sites were located in previously un?thinned monocultures of hybrid larch. The sporeload in the air was studied with the help of spore traps from three different tree species;Norway spruce, Scots pine and hybrid larch. A total of 146 spore traps, evenly distributed inall five sites were analyzed.

Healthy calves are the foundation in order to run a profitable diary production. Being healthy as calf results in a better start in life and good growth is expected to follow. Within dairy production it becomes more common to rear calves in groups and feed them by an automatic milk feeder. The milk feeder enables for the calves in greater extent to ingest milk or milk replacer several times per day and they are also able to perform natural behaviors in greater extent. Group rearing of calves puts higher demands on the animal keepers to localize individual calves in the group pen, showing signs of illness.

ABSTRACTChlamydia and Chlamydophila are species of a family of bacteria (Chlamydiaceae) that cause a range of diseases, including conjunctivitis, in a variety of animals including pigs and humans. Some species cause zoonotic disease. This study examined the occurrence of Chlamydiaceae in samples taken from the lower eyelid conjunctiva in pigs with and without conjunctivitis. The study was initiated based on a herd investigation aimed to examine the experienced increase of conjunctivitis in some finisher herds. This study was conducted as a case-control study, by collecting samples from 62 case pigs (16-26 weeks old) and an equal number of controls, from three herds in Uppland, Sweden.

- To be trapped in a roller-coaster That ?s how some of the patients are describing the situa- tion of living with heart failure. To be stuck in their home not knowing if they will have to seek care today and not knowing if they will have the energy to attend that birth- day party later this week.Each year 2-3% of the Swedish population are diagnosed with heart failure, which results in 30,000 new individu- als with the disorder. Cardiovascular disease is rapidly in- creasing in the world and before 2030, people with heart failure will increased by 100%. Our improved living condi- tions and better health have allowed us to grow older and made us more dependent on other types of care, care at home.Today the patients are only looking for changes in weight and if they have excessive water in their body.

Canine parvovirus is associated with two disorders: enteritis, which is common, and myocarditis, which is rare. Prominent clinical signs of parvovirus enteritis are vomiting, diarrhea and rapid dehydration. Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is very contagious. When CPV-2 first emerged it had high rates of mortality, but later studies have shown that most infections are self-limiting and do not require veterinary care. Mortality rates vary greatly, and therefore it is important to determine risk factors for developing severe canine parvovirus enteritis.