There are various investments to suit different investors, what affects the investor is the risk he/she takes with the investment and also the awareness  the investor has. According to different theories a higher risk gives even a higher yield to compensate for the extra risk the investor takes.In this paper, we discuss and compare two different forms of savings, Swedish closed-end funds and Swedish mutual funds to examine what alternative that generates highest returns in relation to the risk.To help, we use different evaluation measures that adjusts the different investments risk so that you can compare how well the investments have performed regardless of the risk they have. This will give us an answer about what investment form that have performed the best between 2002.01.01-20010.12.31. Five Sweden mutual funds and five closed-end funds have been selected to participate in the survey.To evaluate this, it is primarily quantitative data, analyzed in the evaluation measures. The results obtained in the survey show that Swedish closed-end funds have performed far better during the selected time period.

Background: Learning is important for companies? existence in today?s society and many studies discuss the importance of life long learning and learning organizations. An increased understanding for how the individual learn at the work place is importance to study to gain an accepting for how learning occurs, both formal and informal. Purpose: The purpose with this study is to describe the process of learning at the work place from an individual perspective, with focus on how formal and informal learning occur and interact. The purpose is also to confirm, contradict or develop existing theories.

Bakgrund och problem: De finansiella rapporterna för bankerna och dess analysvärde har kommit att ifrågasättas och aktualiseras i samband med finanskrisen. Eftersom bankernas verksamhet blir allt mer komplex, samtidigt som bankerna utgör ett fundament för ett välfungerande samhälle är vikten av att kunna bedöma stabiliteten i en bank högst aktuell. Värderingen av en banks verksamhet och riskerna kopplade till stabilitet är svårare att bedöma i en bank än för ett icke finansiellt företag. Vikten att identifiera de nyckeltal som kan förutspå stabilitet i den enskilda banken och minska bristen på transparens leder till forskningsfrågan: Vilka nyckeltal har ett högt prognosvärde när det gäller att utvärdera huruvida en bank kan anses vara stabil utifrån ett externt perspektiv?Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att finna nyckeltal som kan användas för att prognostisera stabiliteten i en bank.Metod: För att uppnå syftet med studien presenteras en litteraturgenomgång som karaktäriserar en stabil bank och riskerna kopplade till verksamheten.

Bakgrund och problem: De finansiella rapporterna för bankerna och dess analysvärde har kommit att ifrågasättas och aktualiseras i samband med finanskrisen. Eftersom bankernas verksamhet blir allt mer komplex, samtidigt som bankerna utgör ett fundament för ett välfungerande samhälle är vikten av att kunna bedöma stabiliteten i en bank högst aktuell. Värderingen av en banks verksamhet och riskerna kopplade till stabilitet är svårare att bedöma i en bank än för ett icke finansiellt företag. Vikten att identifiera de nyckeltal som kan förutspå stabilitet i den enskilda banken och minska bristen på transparens leder till forskningsfrågan: Vilka nyckeltal har ett högt prognosvärde när det gäller att utvärdera huruvida en bank kan anses vara stabil utifrån ett externt perspektiv?Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att finna nyckeltal som kan användas för att prognostisera stabiliteten i en bank.Metod: För att uppnå syftet med studien presenteras en litteraturgenomgång som karaktäriserar en stabil bank och riskerna kopplade till verksamheten.

Bakgrund och problem: De finansiella rapporterna för bankerna och dess analysvärde har kommit att ifrågasättas och aktualiseras i samband med finanskrisen. Eftersom bankernas verksamhet blir allt mer komplex, samtidigt som bankerna utgör ett fundament för ett välfungerande samhälle är vikten av att kunna bedöma stabiliteten i en bank högst aktuell. Värderingen av en banks verksamhet och riskerna kopplade till stabilitet är svårare att bedöma i en bank än för ett icke finansiellt företag. Vikten att identifiera de nyckeltal som kan förutspå stabilitet i den enskilda banken och minska bristen på transparens leder till forskningsfrågan: Vilka nyckeltal har ett högt prognosvärde när det gäller att utvärdera huruvida en bank kan anses vara stabil utifrån ett externt perspektiv?Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att finna nyckeltal som kan användas för att prognostisera stabiliteten i en bank.Metod: För att uppnå syftet med studien presenteras en litteraturgenomgång som karaktäriserar en stabil bank och riskerna kopplade till verksamheten.

Bankruptcy is a problem for the society in form of high costs for including suppliers, customers, employees, investors, banks, insurance companies etc. The purpose of this study is to confirm or dismiss a bankruptcy prediction model that has been developed in a previous Swedish study, in order to predict bankruptcy with help of specific key figures. The model has only been tested in a larger perspective where the population consisted of all small firms in Sweden, in this study the model´s reliability is tested by that it instead been applied to a minor perspective, where the population only includes Stockholm. With a quantitative approach of 12 different key figures from a total of 60 Swedish smaller registered companies in Stockholm between the years 2005-2007, has been studied. The companies are divided into two groups, companies with good financial health and companies that have ended up in bankruptcy.The results shows that the model is applicable in a smaller population, but some of the key figures do not generate essential or any type of information about bankruptcy, but the majority of the key figures in the model did.

Self-driving cars are soon to become a reality to the commercial market. A self-driving car does not have a human operator, which enables some interesting characteristics. The main benefits are considered to be:The number of accidents and traffic jams should be reduced.Enhanced comfort.Energy usage could be decreased while capacity could be increased.This study concerns the causes for improved energy efficiency. The reason for improved energy efficiency is mainly because of the variation in terms of acceleration, braking and distance holding are reduced. The vehicles are more intelligent and can work together as a unity.

An analysis of a specific application of anaerobic wastewater treatment at a pulp and board mill, Stora Enso Skoghall, was carried out. A literature study was done and effluent wastewater from CTMP pulp production was analyzed. The analysis consisted of a broad constituent analysis and an anaerobic treatment trial. Results from these test where used to calculate the treatment effectiveness and resulting energy potential at the mill.The literature study and constituent analysis showed that toxicity of the water to be treated, due to wood extractives and sulphur content, was of concern. Detoxification chemicals targeting these constituents where used in the anaerobic treatment trial.

CSR - "Corporate Social Responsibility" is a concept that in recent years has become of bigger importance for companies. Even at McDonald's, which quickly grew into today's 217 restaurants, with up to 430 000 visitors daily. We have investigated how the McDonald's CSR work has evolved over time, how it looks today and what has influenced this development. Things that have influenced McDonald's and led to their CSR work proved to be scandals and changes in legislations. The PR value of working with CSR has also increased and a lot of the CSR work has shown to be economically viable.

Bakgrund och problem: De finansiella rapporterna för bankerna och dess analysvärde har kommit att ifrågasättas och aktualiseras i samband med finanskrisen. Eftersom bankernas verksamhet blir allt mer komplex, samtidigt som bankerna utgör ett fundament för ett välfungerande samhälle är vikten av att kunna bedöma stabiliteten i en bank högst aktuell. Värderingen av en banks verksamhet och riskerna kopplade till stabilitet är svårare att bedöma i en bank än för ett icke finansiellt företag. Vikten att identifiera de nyckeltal som kan förutspå stabilitet i den enskilda banken och minska bristen på transparens leder till forskningsfrågan: Vilka nyckeltal har ett högt prognosvärde när det gäller att utvärdera huruvida en bank kan anses vara stabil utifrån ett externt perspektiv?Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att finna nyckeltal som kan användas för att prognostisera stabiliteten i en bank.Metod: För att uppnå syftet med studien presenteras en litteraturgenomgång som karaktäriserar en stabil bank och riskerna kopplade till verksamheten.

Executive SummaryThis final thesis has examined the effects of an increased centralization and better coord­in­ation of the distribution logistics at ABB in Västerås. The company is today strongly decent­ralized and there is a minimum of collaboration between the 20 business units. This is why the questions were raised; how could the business units coordinate outbound logistic activities and what effects would that provide. The obj­ect­ive of this final thesis is to provide basic data for a future decision-making which desc­r­ibe these effects.The report has mapped out the factors that are important to ABB in an evaluation of their logistic activities and how the outbound logistics work today. The four factors are cost efficiency, delivery service, environmental impact and logistics capability.

The question of whether financial analysts can forecast stock movements or not has been widely debated for many years. This study examines if an investor has been able to receive an excess return by following financial analysts? recommendations. We continue by studying if an investor has been able to earn a different excess return by following different types of recommendations. The study includes more than 15,000 recommendations made by 10 first tier banks and brokerages on the Swedish market during the years 2003-2007.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the perception of value and risk in CSR as well as analyzing how financial institutions influence responsible behavior in business in order to create sustainable economic growth.Methodology: The study has a qualitative research method used by an abductive process. Data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with respondents from three venture capital companies and three banks. The sample of respondents was done through a convenience sample with respect to access and expertise in the research area.Conclusion: The most important meanings of the research results have shown that CSR holds an intrinsic value concerning contributing value as its conceptual meaning in terms of sustainable development. CSR can also be regarded as a dimension of risk management to reduce the risk of negative externalities on corporate activities. Investors and financiers contribute to sustainable companies through active ownership and improvements in the CSR dimensions.

Ground work like blasting, piling and excavation has always had a great influence during the planning phase of a construction project since it can cause damages on adjacent buildings and have severe economic consequences. This thesis deals with how vibrations caused by ground work influence near-by buildings and what methods geotechnicians and construction entrepreneurs use to handle these risks.The purpose of this thesis is to explain risk management in relation to ground work. In order to achieve this I have used a qualitative method by interviewing a geotechnician and a ground work contractor who possess knowledge and experience useful to this thesis. The result shows that vibrations from ground work spread through the ground as seismic waves that cause displacements and packing in the ground visible in adjacent buildings as cracks and subsidence damages. Geotechnicians study ground work vibrations by means of ground investigations and experience from previous projects in order to produce a risk analysis that entrepreneurs can use to reduce damages.

Background:Breast milk has many good qualities and recommendations declare that breast milk alone is the most favorable choice for newborn babies up to six months of age. When the mother can´t provide her own breast milk for her baby, donor milk is a valuable source. Unfortunately the demand is often higher than the supply and thereby milk banks suffer from shortages. Aim: Highlighting women's experiences of being milk donors. Method: The study has been conducted as a literature review in which existing research has been used.