Bakgrundsbeskrivning: Traditionellt har risk betraktats som något negativt ocholika typer av risker har hanterats av olika funktioner. Sedan ett antal år har IntegratedRisk Management (IRM) utvecklats som koncept för riskhantering. IRM innebärsamordning och integration av riskhanteringsarbetet. Problemställning: I vissa länder har lagstiftning tvingat företag att implementerasystem som IRM, men det råder fortfarande viss oklarhet i vilka motiven ocheffekterna är. Vi frågar oss därför vilka anledningar det finns att använda IRM? Vad ärmålsättningen och motiven? Vilket värde (effekter) skapar det egentligen för företaget?Vidare saknas det studier i vad IRM innebär i praktiken, särskilt erfarenheter frånnordiska företag.

Mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cows. Mastitis can be painful for the dairy cow and causes economical losses for the farmer. These losses are due to decreased milk production, more working hours for the farmer, treatment costs and possible costs due to culling of the cow. The udder inflammation, mastitis, is often caused by bacteria infection. One of the most common bacteria found to cause mastitis in Sweden is Staphylococcus aureus (S.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur svenska pensionsfonder presterat under perioden 2005-01-01 till 2009-12-07. Detta vill vi undersöka då det sker stora förflyttningar av pensionskapital i stundande tid inom det svenska pensionssystemet. Undersökningen innehåller ett urval på 25 svenska pensionsfonder hos sju av de stora svenska pensionsförvaltarna. Fyra fondtyper har använts i undersökningen: En aktiefond, en blandfond och två olika räntefonder. Utifrån historisk data har vi tagit fram avkastning och risk för aktuell tidsperiod hos fonderna.

The price trend on rapeseed the latest years has led to an increasing interest to grow the crop among many farmers in Sweden. The price trend has resulted in more than a doubling of the oilseed area since the early 2000s. For many farmers it is an advantage to increase cultivation of rapeseed because of the high proportion of cereals in the crop rotation on many farms, but it is not just benefits. The risk of the fields being infected by clubroot increases within frequent rapeseed cultivation and it often leads to subtantial economic losses. Clubroot is caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae that is a soilborne pathogen in genus Protozoa and its resting spores can be found in the soil for up to 18 years.

The purpose of this essay is to examine progression in user education atprimary and secondary school levels, specifically the role played byschool libraries, librarians and strategy documents in securingeducational progression. Progression is examined in the user educationprovided by the five schools, part of the same municipal schoolmanagement area which share the same strategy plan. The area, NorraFäladen, was awarded School Library of the Year in 2011 for its work,making it particularly interesting for this essay's purpose. The studycombines interviews with the area's three school librarians, who dividetheir time between the five schools, with an analysis of the strategydocuments that regulate user education within Norra Fäladen. Theanalytical framework is based on: AASL's model of progression in usereducation (Standards for the 21st-century learner); Ekström's model forsuccessful and active strategy documents; Kuhlthau's theory of thelibrarian's role in the information search process; and Limberg'staxonomy of the role of the school library.The study shows how a number of concurrent factors and prerequisitesinfluence how goals for progression in user education are met.

People have utilised and influenced the boreal forest for many centuries. Prior to the industrial revolution during the 19th century, however, human use primarily only had a low impact on the forest. When the timberfrontier swept over the country, the Swedish forests came to change for ever. The study site for this thesis is situated in the northern part of the county of Västerbotten, Sweden, and has previously been a National forest. Today the area is an ecopark and the land is owned by the forest company Sveaskog.

Syfte: Syftet med den h?r systematiska ?versikten var att unders?ka om det finns ett samband mellan en strikt vegansk kosth?llning och ?kad risk f?r fraktur hos vuxna Metod: F?r litteraturs?kningen anv?ndes databaserna Scopus och PubMed. Populationen var m?n och kvinnor fr?n 18 ?r. Exponeringen var strikt vegansk kosth?llning. J?mf?relsegruppen var all?tare och utfallsm?ttet var fraktur. Endast kohortstudier inkluderades i ?versikten och s?kningen begr?nsades till studier skrivna p? engelska och svenska.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the process and result of renovations in socioeconomic vulnerable areas affect the residents' right to housing; with a focus on women's experiences of their homes, their area, the housing company's apartment renovations. The study is conducted through two research questions: How do the women in L?vg?rdet experience their homes and the area? And how do the women in L?vg?rdet experience the process and the result of the renovations of the rental apartments? The methodology used is qualitative research interviews. The empirical material was gathered through qualitative interviews. Eight women living in L?vg?rdet have been interviewed.

The forests of Sweden are constantly changing. Map studies indicate that the amount of deciduous trees in Sweden has decreased in recent years in favor of the coniferous trees. The National Forest Inventory has since the early 1920s monitored the Swedish forests and in recent years has made the old data digitally available. In the present project, we have investigated how the numbers of stems in different diameter classes have changed for birch and other deciduous trees. The inventory was conducted in the same manner as in the first forest inventory.

The Arctic region has not been a topic of discussion or a reason for a conflict in the past, but with the development of environmental issues which has resulted in melting of the ice, so has the interest for the region developed. This has resulted in a conflict over the area, with five countries as main actors. This paper investigates the five main actors? goals with increased influence in the area, using the thoughts of Rational Actor Model, with states as utility-maximizing actors and foreign policy as the expression of national interest. Furthermore the paper investigates the means of getting to the goal, what kind of tools they use.The paper shows that all of the countries are interested in the economically benefits that are buried under the melting ice and the short cuts in sea routes that will be a possibility to use ones the ice melt more.

Nyckeln till ett framgångsrikt och värdefullt företag är att göra bra investeringar eftersom det är investeringarna som skapar den avkastning som dess ägare får som ersättning (Froot, et al., 1994). Om företaget strävar efter att göra värdemaximerande investeringar måste de därför bedöma vilka investeringar som kan tänkas generera en avkastning som är större än kostnaden för kapitalet som investeras (Brealey, et al., 2014). Detta är den teoretiska grundregeln för all investeringsbedömning (Brealey, et al., 2014). Men eftersom framtiden är fylld av risk och osäkerhet är bedömningen av en investerings ekonomiska värde ingen enkel sak (Sandahl & Sjögren, 2005).I företagens strävan att tämja denna risk och osäkerhet har Mikes (2009;2011) identifierat två olika kulturer, den beräknande kulturen och den visualiserande kulturen. Dessa kulturer präglas av sin syn på vad som är meningsfullt att sannolikhets bedöma och vad som inte är meningsfullt att sannolikhets bedöma (Mikes, 2011).

This report is written in cooperation with Eskilstuna municipality public administration for urban planning. The reports purpose is to look into how other public authorities carry out public purchase of consultants and entrepreneurs in the urban planning area. The goal is to come up with suggestions of how Eskilstuna municipality public administration for urban planning can improve its purchasing process in this field in order to minimize the risk where a consultant or entrepreneur files an appeal against the decision of awarding a contract to another rival. The appeal can be filed to the county administrative court.The public administration for urban planning can do its purchases through the model of "lowest price" or "economically most favorable" for them. When using "economically most favorable", the department can value a number of soft parameters by giving them points and the offer which gets most points can be rewarded the right to sign a contract.

This study was conducted at VikingGenetics' bull breeding station in Falkenberg, Sweden. The bulls waiting for the results of their progeny testing at this station are either kept in group housing or individual housing. Since both of these housing systems have advantages and disadvantages, it was in the interest of VikingGenetics to know which of these housing systems is the best. The aim of this study was to investigate the welfare of the bulls in these two housing systems through behavioural observations and the use of activity monitors. In the preparations for the study 16 bulls, 8 in each housing system, were chosen.

Det idag väldigt populära riskmåttet Value-at-Risk (VaR) kan beräknas på många olika sätt. En metod som använder sig av extremvärdesteori (EVT) för att estimera VaR utvecklades under 1990-talet som ett alternativ till de traditionella VaR metoderna. EVT fokuserar på fördelningens svans, eftersom det är här de extrema observationerna uppträder. I denna studie undersöker vi hur framgångsrik extremvärdesmetoden är när det kommer till att estimera VaR för råvaror, en typ av tillgång som karakteriseras av att vara extremt volatil och därmed speciellt svår att riskbedöma. Våra resultat pekar på att extremvärdesteorin erbjuder ett intressant alternativ när man önskar att estimera VaR för volatila råvaror.

Despite the fast growing development of IP-telephony services, only a small number of people in Sweden use them. Of the total amount of fixed telephony subscriptions, maximally five percent are based on IP-technology. Through an exploratory study, the main purpose with this thesis is to identify factors that influence the use of IP-telephony on the consumer market, and the factors? internal relationships. The thesis also has two sub-purposes: firstly, chart the supply of IP-telephony services and secondly, discuss what IP-telephony services that are requested by today?s customers in the future.