Abstract This paper discusses protectionism of intellectual Property rights in general and the conflict between large pharmaceutical companies? rights to patent and developing countries? rights to cheap generic preparation in particular. The essay focuses above all on HIV/AIDS medicine. The description tries to give an image of the different interests that collide and why they collide. The different actors are above all the pharmaceutical branch, including researchers, inventors and salesmen with their economic interest of revenue, and the population of the development countries and their pressed situation considering the great need of medicine.

Ipendo Systems AB är ett företag som tillhandahåller en webbaserad tjänst, Ipendo Platform, för administration av immateriella rättigheter. De lagar och regler som reglerar hur immateriella rättigheterna hanteras skiljer sig från varje land och tjänsten måste då innehålla information om alla dessa. Dessa lagar eller regler, hädanefter regler, hålls uppdaterade utanför tjänsten i ett Exceldokument, därefter importeras de till Ipendo Platform manuellt. Innan det görs måste de valideras enligt förutbestämda restriktioner, detta för att de dels ska vara i rätt format för Ipendo Platform eller någonting annat som måste vara i rätt format.Syftet och motivationen till detta examensarbete är att man vill ersätta denna process med ett enklare webbaserat adminstrationsverktyg som låter back-office hantera och uppdatera reglerna och sedan själva utföra validering och importering. Detta gör att tid sparas och de personer som jobbar med att uppdatera regler får feedback direkt från valideringen istället för att man ska vänta på att en annan avdelning gör valideringen.

With the prospect of future construction on the Skutskär Pulp Mill Property, Stora Enso Fine Paper has initiated an investigation of soil contaminants and a risk assessment of these contaminants. A soil and groundwater investigation has therefore been conducted on an open area of about 16 000 square meters, situated between the current wood room and digester house. To be able to integrate this study into an investigation for the whole industrial Property, the study has been carried out as a phase 2 study according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency?s Methods of Inventories of Contaminated sites (MIFO).The site investigation has involved soil and groundwater sampling, together with the analysis of heavy metals and organic contaminants. The degree of hazard posed by the contaminants, the level of contamination, the potential for migration of the contaminants, as well as the degree to which protection of human health and the environment is required in the area, have been weighed together for an overall risk assessment of the area with regard to human health and the environment.The investigated area was built up by filling in the coastal waters.

In this Thesis the possibilities of designing a larger building that is very energy efficient in the sense that it would not need a conventional heating system are discussed. Solar radiation transmitted through the windows, internal heat from occupants, lamps and electric appliances inside the building and heat recovered from the ventilation system then have to be sufficient for the heating of the building. This study is of general interest since the Property company, Akademiska Hus, plans to use this study as a first step in determining if this technique could be used in the future and thus be worth further investments. A building without a conventional heating system of the size investigated in this project has not yet been built.The energy needed for the heating of the building was simulated using VIP+.The conclusions from the study are that it is possible to build large buildings without any conventional heating system. This could be achieved in many different ways, for example by lowering the inside temperature or by using better windows and heat recovery system with higher efficiency.

The bachelor's thesis is to examine the explanatory factors affecting the choice of capital structure in real estate companies. The analysis is based on data collected from the main financial reporting from 2007; all listed real estate companies listed on Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and Finnish stock market. Based on previous research and theories, we have defined five independent variables that are linked to the debt ratio, which are: profitability, growth, firm size, cost of debt and operational risk. The statistical tests have resulted in that we can say with certainty that profitable firms tend to have a lower debt to equity ratio. We can also say with certainty that Property companies with high interest costs have a high level of indebtedness..

Vallentuna municipality in Stockholm County, is planning to develop a management plan for a forest area owned by the municipality. The Property is an urban forest and the hiking trail Roslagsleden runs through it. Hence the municipality intends to take extra care of the outdoor recreation interests, as well as forest biodiversity, but at the same time use the area for forestry. This study discusses how these three interests, recreation, biodiversity and forestry, differ in their views of how a forest should be managed, where they disagree and how they can coexist in the management of this area. In this study, a vegetation mapping of the area and an assessment of the forest?s conservation values was carried out.

At Rottneros pulp mill mechanical pulp is bleached with hydrogen peroxide. The changes of bleaching chemicals that are used for different grades are taken from bleaching tables; however these tables are old and need to be updated. The purpose of this thesis was to be the basis of new documentation.In this thesis three pulps where studied with the aim to find the optimal bleaching chemical changes (total NaOH/VP-quote) for each pulp. The pulps were taken from the filter before the bleaching tower and the pulps were bleached in the lab. The most important pulp Property in this study was the brightness and how that was influenced by the chemical dosages.

This Master?s Thesis aims to illustrate in what ways the two Swedish environmental assessment tools, the Environmental Load Profile and EcoEffect differ and if performed valuations gives different results and environmental goals.The built urban environment causes about half the environmental loading in Sweden. The society?s ambition towards sustainable development has resulted in demands reducing the environmental load. One way to accomplish this change is with the assistance of tools for environmental assessment of the built environment.

Syfte: Vi ska analysera hur fastighetsmäklare värderar småhus och hur de använder sig av taxeringsuppgifter, det vill säga de egenskapsuppgifter om tomtmark och småhus som samlats in vid fastighetstaxeringen från fastighetsägarna. Vi ska även sammanställa en modell över de faktorer som har central betydelse vid uppskattning av marknadsvärdet.Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts där vi genomfört personliga intervjuer med fastighetsmäklare. Teorin baseras på relevant litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar och elektroniska källor. Empirin redovisas genom en kategorianalys.  Resultat & slutsats: Vi har kommit fram till att fastighetsmäklare med erfarenhet inte följer de steg som teorin tar upp vid fastighetsvärdering.

There is no commonly accepted definition of a business method. It ought to consist of a method or a process of doing business. Business methods constitutes a broad category of patents, it is hard to tell exactly what can be interpreted in to the term. Most of the world's legal systems have made an exception from patentability for business methods. In the USA the exception was abolished in a case 1998.

The interest in building low energy houses has increased along with the rising engagement inthe climate questions. With the advancing energy prices it is highly suitably for those whobuild and administer their buildings in long-term to build energy-saving houses. 40 % ofSweden?s total energy consumption constitutes of the energy in residences, therefore it iscrucial to take advantage of all the free energy as we possibly can. With crucial questions likequality of living and profit low energy building is a subject that concerns us all.Three proposals for apartment blocks are presented in this work on a real estate in Stockholm.Each proposal is developed through unique processes of design with the purpose to displaypossibilities to deal with the energy requirements of today and tomorrow through energybased architecture.The first proposal is an apartment block based on a traditional design process, the demands ofthe Property owner and it?s affected by opinions from architects.

Med den nya plan- och bygglagen (PBL) som trädde i kraft den 2 maj 2011, blev det möjligtatt redovisa fastighetsindelningsbestämmelser i en detaljplan på motsvarande sätt somgjordes genom fastighetsplan i 1987 års PBL. Den särskilda planformen fastighetsplan togsdärmed bort. Syftet med de nya bestämmelserna var att förenkla tillämpningen.Bestämmelserna möjliggör en mer detaljerad reglering i detaljplan, men medför också enskyldighet att göra en prövning redan i planarbetet enligt lagvillkor som finns utanför PBL.Syftet med detta arbete var att bidra med ny empiri avseende hur och i vilken utsträckningsvenska kommuner har tillämpat bestämmelser om fastighetsindelning i plan- ochbygglagstiftningen, samt vilken betydelse tillämparna haft för implementeringen avfastighetsindelningsbestämmelser i plan- och bygglagstiftningen. Genom att tillämpa ettimplementeringsperspektiv är avsikten att bidra med ett nytt perspektiv på tillämpningen avplan- och bygglagstiftningen.Målsättningen var att genom att undersöka och besvara min frågeställning vidareutveckladenna nyvunna kunskap i form av ett förslag till en metodbeskrivning för tillämpningen avlagstiftningen. Då examensarbetet utförts på Halmstads kommunsSamhällsbyggnadskontor var tanken att slutprodukten ska vara ett användarvänligt redskapför dem vid tillämpande av bestämmelser om fastighetsindelning.

The enormous expansion of knowledge society has lead to a path away from the industrial enterprises toward the more knowledge-based entrepreneurship companies. This development has also meant that intellectual capital now can be seen as the core of the new business structure. However the growth has not been reflected in either the legal or the economic regulations in relation to what could have been expected, which means that there is thus a gap between de lege lata and de lege ferenda. This can specifically been seen regarding the prohibition of adding Property other than cash applied in payment for shares or regarding issue of new shares when it comes to work and services. The prohibition may therefore be considered to stand against the knowledge companies? advancement.

The way to acquire forest in Sweden from parents has been unequal, men were prioritized over women, which was the traditional inheritance pattern. Research has made this clearer by using gender, which ?values? our stereotypes of sexes and can help us understand inheritance patterns. The gender determined who would inherit but also the form of ownership, praxis, Property rights, regulations, power and work invested made by a sibling could influence. The purpose with my study was to find what conditions governed inheritance of forest on the properties I investigated and what influence gender had.

I maj 2011 infördes nya plan- och bygglagen som gör reglering av fastighetsindelningen möjlig i detaljplaner genom så kallade fastighetsindelningsbestämmelser. Enligt äldre lagstiftning bildades tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner som i dag räknas som fastighetsindelningsbestämmelser. Eftersom majoriteten av dessa antingen är genomförda eller inaktuella i dag skapar det problem vid fastighetsbildning och måste därför upphävas. Syftet med rapporten är att beskriva och analysera hur äldre tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner hanteras i samband med fastighetsbildningsärenden. Rapporten ska undersöka vilka olika handläggnings- och beslutsordningar som används för upphävande av äldre tomtindelningar och fastighetsplaner. Ett bisyfte är att ge förslag på hur handläggnings- och beslutsordningen kan förbättras med fokus på nya plan- och bygglagen. Metoderna som använts har varit litteraturstudie, fallstudier och enkätundersökning.