Abstract1985 tog Michail Gorbatjov över makten i Sovjetunionen, och en ny omskakande period tog vid. Gorbatjovs reformer, glasnost (öppenhet) och perestrojka (omdaning), blev början till slutet för sovjetstaten genom de oerhörda följdverkningar de fick för landet: det kommunistiska Sovjetunionen, bestående av 15 delrepubliker, blev till ett land, Ryssland, med en demokratisk författning. Vi har valt att utgå från fyra olika teoretiska perspektiv för att kunna förklara reformernas bakgrund och Gorbatjovs roll i detta skeende: individ-, grupp-, stats- och systemnivå. Vi driver tesen att interna och externa faktorer inom Sovjetunionen har framkallat en situation varigenom Gorbatjov kunde ta makten och förändra samhället, något som aldrig tidigare skett i samma utsträckning. Gorbatjovs personlighet och inre värderingar anser vi hade stor betydelse för utvecklingen, men beslutsfattandet var en kollektiv process vilket krävde skicklig manipulation och sluga metoder.Sovjetunionens historia kantades av våld, lidande och diktatur, men under Gorbatjov kunde befolkningen börja att åtminstone hoppas på något bättre.Nyckelord: belief system, Michail Gorbatjov, förändring, Sovjetunionen, utrikespolitik.

Rental rates and land prices have gone through substantial changes the last two decades. The prices have both gone up and down since 1990 but from 1995 to 2008 land prices increased with 272 percent and rental rates with 61 percent. What factors that have the largest impact on rental rates and land prices are hard to determine but factors that may affect the price are the desire to live in the countryside and the expected profitability in agriculture. Prices of products and inputs are factors that affect the profitability in agriculture, but the profitability is also affected by agricultural policies. The economic for Swedish agriculture have changed several times over the last 20 years as a result of changing agricultural policies.The agricultural policies largely affect farmers behavior and decisions.

Bakgrund: Mellan 20-30 procent av befolkningen har symptomfria diskbråck och ungefär 2 procent lider av symtomgivande diskbråck. Diskbråck är vanligast mellan 40 och 50 års ålder. I ländryggen är diskbråck tre gånger vanligare hos män än kvinnor. Syfte: Att med hjälp av en litteraturstudie kritiskt granska den vetenskapliga litteraturen avseende sjukgymnastiska interventioner och signifikanta förändringar vid lumbalt diskbråck. Metod: Artiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed, Ahmed och Cinahl från de senaste 10 åren.

Rental rates and land prices have gone through substantial changes the last two decades. The prices have both gone up and down since 1990 but from 1995 to 2008 land prices increased with 272 percent and rental rates with 61 percent. What factors that have the largest impact on rental rates and land prices are hard to determine but factors that may affect the price are the desire to live in the countryside and the expected profitability in agriculture. Prices of products and inputs are factors that affect the profitability in agriculture, but the profitability is also affected by agricultural policies. The economic for Swedish agriculture have changed several times over the last 20 years as a result of changing agricultural policies.The agricultural policies largely affect farmers behavior and decisions.

Buildings worldwide account for 40 % of the total energy use. Climate change is of increasing importance, but few are willing to reduce their standard of living or get a higher cost for the change. Energy efficiency of existing buildings gives the greatest benefit economically and environmentally. The real estate company Klövern AB manages 46 properties in Karlstad. Heating is the major cost of the total operating costs of real estate. Rising energy prices increase the need for Klövern AB to improve energy efficiency and to investigate alternative sources of heat.

Bakgrund: Under flera sekel har världen upplevt finansiella kriser som satt sina spår i ekonomin och har fått effekter på ekonomins viktiga beståndsdelar. För att undvika kriser har diskussioner om riskhantering och regleringar växt fram för att skydda ekonomin. En effekt av den senaste finansiella krisen är uppkomsten av Basel III, som i Sverige kommer till uttryck i hårdare kapitaltäckningskrav. Den nya regleringen kommer innebära nya förutsättningar för de svenska storbankerna. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur de svenska storbankerna strategiskt har agerat för att hantera kapitaltäckningsregleringar samt att beskriva hur deras arbete med riskhantering har utvecklats till följd av kapitaltäckningsregleringar. Tillvägagångssätt: En kvalitativ undersökning har genomförts för att kunna besvara studiens syfte. Den kvalitativa undersökningen utgår från intervjuer med storbankerna samt genom kompletterande sekundärdata. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet av undersökningen stämmer överens med studiens teoretiska referensram och analysmodell.

The purpose of the study was to investigate, through an experiment, if positive mood promotes creativity and flexible thinking. Participants were a total of 93 college students. The main hypothesis was that subjects induced with positive mood would perform better than subjects induced with negative mood, at a test reflecting creativity. To further explore the implications of priming (subliminal manipulated moods), a neutral control group was included. The cognitive test used in the study was Duncker´s The Candle Problem, a test which aims to get the subjects to apply flexible and creative thinking.

This study aims to disclose how an asymmetric planogram structure of the brand with the highest actual variety may come to affect the brand itself and its category as a whole. The authors of the study feel that there is a gap still unfilled amongst previous extensive research examining how differences in either space or price vary between categories, products or brands. An in-store experiment was conducted by collecting quantitative data from daily sales, observations of customers and questionnaires. The results show that an asymmetric structure leads to customers being more attentive towards the brand, and perceives it to be more dominant over its surrounding competitors. Furthermore, results indicate that the customer perceived variety increases and we see tendencies to changes in sales..

The guest harbor on Utö, Utö Gästhamn, is currently using electricity for heating all of the water used in the showers and taps. Because of the large amount of visitors, especially during the summer months, the hot water usage gets very high and that is also the case for the electrical bills. During the year of 2011 the cost of electricity for Utö Gästhamn reached a total of 257 500 kr. Out of these 257 500 kr approximately 142 000 kr, 55 % of the total cost, were because of the water heating.The report is the result of a cooperation with Skärgårdsstiftelsen, the Green Islands-project and Utö Gästhamn where the mutual goal is to dimension a solar energy system, to promote the sustainable development.Initially the different techniques for the solar energy system are researched. The techniques are plane solar collectors, evacuated tube collectors, pool collectors and photovoltaic cells.

Manipulation är ett gemensamt drag i sekteristiska rörelser som vill ta bort jag-identiteten och ersätta den med något annat. Syftet med studien var att belysa vilka reaktioner anhöriga får då en nära familjemedlem är med i ett religiöst sekteristiskt sammanhang. Metoden är kvalitativ med interaktiv induktion. Öppna, icke standardiserade intervjuer som följt en temaguide gjordes utifrån ett snöbollsurval som sedan analyserades på gruppnivå efter de riktlinjer Grounded Theory har. Metoden är vald därför att det finns litet forskning på området och är särskilt lämplig när sociala processer ska undersökas.

Writers: Johan Lundqvist Eriksson and Elin SandbergSupervisor: Stig AnderssonEnglish title: Allocation of revenue in the hospitality industryKeywords: Revenue allocation, cost allocation, profit center, Du Pont model, taxes and manipulation of data.Date: January 2012Since the taxes for food and lodging has been different in Sweden for many years, the hospitality industry has come up with a way to save money on tax paying. When private customers stay for a weekend where the meals are included, the business is placing more than the relevant revenue on the lodging part, which has the lower tax. Because of this the results has improved and tax money has been saved. Now when the Swedish government has decided to lower the tax on food to the same level as the lodging, the chances for correct revenue allocation arises. When we approached the hospitality industry with our problem area a big interest was showed from the head chefs. They now see a chance to get more income on the meals and through this be able to show better results towards the owners.Two hotel managers at two different hotels and their head chefs were chosen for interviews.

Due to fast growing and rapid changes in markets today, most of the organizationsthat are trying keep up with these changes have a high demand for software that areof high quality and comes with a low price. To meet these goals software companieshave to implement new methods to develop software that are suited for rapidchanges. The concept of agile methods can fulfill this need. Our purpose with thisthesis was to investigate how well agile methods could be applied in organizationsthat could be identified as adhocracies. A case study was conducted in anorganization which we could identify as an adhocracy.

In support to a decision to be made by the Swedish central competent authority on a minimal amount of straw for conventional growing-finishing pigs, a study using 168 pigs provided 7 different amounts of straw (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200 or 300 grams/pig/day) was performed. The straw was provided either once or four times per day. Detailed behaviour observations were made using focal animal sampling and continuous recording for one hour between 9 and 10 am and again between 3 and 4 pm. The data analysis is presented in three ways: broken stick model, polynomial trend line and logarithmic trend line. No method was suitable on its own but the use of all the methods simultaneously was found to portray the data in the best way.No significant differences were found when comparing pens provided with straw once or four times per day.

Around year 2004, a new service was introduced on the Swedish housing market with the purpose of increasing the sell price, namely homestaging. Homestaging means that a home gets in order before a open house, for example by removing personal affections or the leasing of new furniture. The phenomenon originates from the United States, where it has existed for several decades.Most components, but not all, that is included in the homestaging concept is tax-deductible and this has lead to several questions around the law and foremost within tax law. To elucidate this complexity of problems around the right to deduction for homestaging, the Swedish tax agency, Skatteverket, has formulated a letter stating the authority?s attitude towards the phenomenon.

Deregulation on the market for agricultural products leads to a more globalised market with increasing price fluctuations. This, in turn, places the farmer in positions influenced by new risks but also improved opportunities. The farmers are faced by uncertainty in terms of financial outcome. To be able to utilise these new market conditions it becomes increasingly important for farmers to continuously follow the price trend, and to develop strategies how to manage the risks exposed by a volatile market. Farmers with different conditions perceive risk in different ways. Hence, their risk management behaviour will vary.