Several diseases increase the risk of thrombosis in dogs and cats, often with a fatal outcome. Currently there are no definite treatment guidelines for the use of thrombolytic and thromboprofylactic agents in veterinary medicine. None of these drugs are approved for dogs and cats in Sweden. Medicines aimed for humans have been used tentatively. This literature study is an investigation of what is currently known about the effects and safety of these pharmacological agents when used for dogs and cats.

The aim of this study was to examine sexual behavior, contraceptive use, self-rated health, lifestyle factors and the prevalence of HPV vaccination among last year high school students. The study was a quantitative cross-sectional study which was a substudy of the longitudinal study " Pornography, Youth and Health". Results showed that the majority of students had had sexual intercourse (75 %, n=524) and both performed (67 %, n=479) and received oralsex (70 %, n=498). Forty percent (n=282) of the students had had one night stand, a quarter (n=159) anal sex and 29 (n=202) percent sex with a friend. The contraceptive use increased from the first to the last intercourse while the use of condoms decreased.

The castration of piglets is performed routinely all around the world. Most castrations are done without anaesthesia and analgesia, despite the fact that this procedure has been proved to induce acute pain and stress for the piglets. The procedure regarding castration of piglets is currently a hot topic of debate and an important political issue. The underlying issue is the boar taint which are highlighted in the heating of the meat after slaughter, which in turn can lead to reduced meat sales as it can be perceived as unpleasant for many consumers. The purpose of this study is to examine alternative drugs which may be selected in order to replace the practice of castration of piglets without anaesthesia, in light of improved animal welfare.

Background: Sleep is the most important human recovery process and research supports assumptions that sleep is an important component in the healing process. Lack of sleep can be the onset of certain diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Sleep is an integral part of basic nursing. It is important for nurses in hospitals to form a correct understanding of the patients? sleep since they among other things are responsible for administering ad lib hypnotic medication.

Background: The prevalence of sphincter rupture during childbirth has increased in Sweden from half percent to three percent from 1973 to 1993. Women who undergo planned home birth have sphincter injuries to a smaller extent than women who undergo planned hospital births. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe women?s experience of the last stages of delivery during planned home birth. Design: Inductive content analysis of 150 randomly selected delivery reports.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva förekomst och belysa vilka riskfaktorer som bidrar till att män utvecklar ätstörningar samt att beskriva hur dessa kan se ut. Kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar användes för att genomföra denna litteraturstudie. Resultatet visar att det är svårt att veta hur många män som lider av ätstörningsproblematik eftersom området fortfarande är sparsamt utforskat och att prevalensen visar sig vara väldigt olika i olika studier. Ångest och depression och andra affektiva störningar är ofta sammankopplat med ätstörningar men om det är en riskfaktor eller ett symtom är svårt att veta. Grupptryck och massmediala faktorer kan bidra till utvecklandet av ätstörningar hos män, men press från vänner har visat sig vara en större riskfaktor än press från media.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. One type of treatment is internal radiation therapy, brachytherapy. This treatment requires the patient to lie completely motionless and in lithotomy position. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pressure ulcers associated with brachytherapy in prostate cancer at the UniversityHospitalin Uppsala. Furthermore, the purpose was to identify the most common location of pressure ulcer and to examine whether there were any connection between risk factors and possible pressure ulcers.

Canine parvovirus is associated with two disorders: enteritis, which is common, and myocarditis, which is rare. Prominent clinical signs of parvovirus enteritis are vomiting, diarrhea and rapid dehydration. Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is very contagious. When CPV-2 first emerged it had high rates of mortality, but later studies have shown that most infections are self-limiting and do not require veterinary care. Mortality rates vary greatly, and therefore it is important to determine risk factors for developing severe canine parvovirus enteritis.

Background: Osteoarthritis is understood to be a common cause of pain and dysfunction in cats; however there are few validated pain assessment methods for chronic pain in cats. In order to design a proper pain questionnaire, it usability need to be tested in both sound and sick cats. Aim: The aim was to investigate the usability of the pain questionnaire ?Lifestyle changes in cats? by compiling the results from the pain questionnaire reflecting the lifestyle in 30 healthy cats and compare it to the results from a clinical examination, as well as proposing improvements and additions to the questionnaire based on a literature review. Material and method: 30 healthy cats participated in the pilot study; the pet owner filled out a pain questionnaire with 16 questions regarding their cat´s behavioral and eventual changes in behavior and physical function. Thereafter the cat walked over a pressure measurement mat and finally underwent an orthopedic-directed clinical examination. The literature was found on Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Sciencedirect, and Google Scholar and also with the help of my supervisors.

In the dog breed Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NSDTR) several dogs suffer from joint pain and possibly pain from the muscles. This diffuse disease is called Immune-mediated Non- Erosive Arthritis in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever. The disease is most likely of autoimmune nature where the etiology still is unknown. The musculoskeletal symptoms of stiffness and shifting lameness are intermittently seen. Some dogs also have dermatological changes and some dogs suffer from pain when opening their mouth. The study included 20 diseased and 20 healthy NSDTR. The purpose was to describe immune-mediated arthritis in NSDTR based on symptoms, results of analysis and effect of treatment. Among the diseased dogs 65% had serum positive for antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescense (IIF) ANA-test.

AbstractWorking with child and youth welfare is one of the most difficult challenges a social worker might face in the field of social work. Those who work with child and youth welfare are more exposed to stress and burnout than other comparable human service occupations. Research links the prevalence of stress and burnout to several key variables, such as demographics, working conditions and personality factors. In contrast, even though social workers in this field face many negative work-related problems they report a high job satisfaction. The aim of this study is to examine how uplifting and straining experiences affect social workers, who work with child and youth welfare, through the use of The Critical Incident Technique and interviews.

Bakgrund: Early childhood caries (ECC) är en kariesform som drabbar barn i tidig ålder. Sjukdomen karaktäriseras av ett snabbt progressionsförlopp och drabbar ofta släta ytor på de primära tänderna.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva förekomsten och identifiera riskfaktorer till early childhood caries (ECC) bland barn mellan 0-6 år i Europa.Metod: Materialet som användes i litteraturstudien är vetenskapliga publikationer som huvudsakligen inhämtats från den medicinska databasen PubMed. Resultatet bygger på en sammanställning av 15 vetenskapliga artiklar som publicerats mellan 2000-2014.Resultat: Förekomsten av ECC varierade från 13.0-85.0 % i olika länder och populationer i Europa. Lägst respektive högst förekomst sågs hos barn i Sverige. ECC associerades med mat-och munhygienvanor samt med flera socioekonomiska faktorer, där föräldrars utbildning, arbetssituation och etnicitet var av störst betydelse.

BackgroundMalnutrition in hospitalized patients has a high prevalence. This led to an action plan against malnutrition that was conducted in 2012 at Enköpings hospital. This paper investigated the nursing staff perceptions of this project on nutrition and nutrient intake in two different departments, and whether these perceptions differ between departments. MethodAn inductive approach with semi-structured interview was used in interviews with eight persons from the staff of the two departments of the hospital in Enköping involved in the project. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by content analysis. ResultsIn the interview material four categories were identified as well as six different subcategories. The different categories were: "Attitude", "Knowledge", "Procedures" and "Workload".

Senior citizens require a healthy oral cavity and healthy teeth in order to eat, speak and preserve their well-being. With age we know that the incidence and prevalence of diseases and symptoms originating from the oral cavity are more common compared to younger age groups. Senior citizens are the fastest growing population on earth, thus the need of healthcare providers with knowledge and skills in oral healthcare are in great demand.  The purpose of this thesis is to identify oral healthcare interventions and educational interventions which have been shown to improve oral health of residents over 65 years of age.  A literature review was conducted in which 15 scientific articles were scrutinized. Databases used were PubMed, Cinahl and Scopus. The results imply that good oral healthcare not only improve the oral health of senior citizens, but also prevents the occurrence of other diseases such as pneumonia and  improve the overall quality of life.

Traumatic arthritis is a common cause of lameness in horses. One of different treatment alternatives of arthritis, is intra-articular injection with hyaluronan. As knowledge about pathophysiology of arthritis and function of hyaluronan is increasing, understanding grows about the mechanism of hyaluronan action in joints. Hyaluronan has, in addition to effects on viscosity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Extensive research and scientific studies have been made on exogenous hyaluronan.