The use of a bit in the mouth of a horse is being increasingly questioned with respect to its actual function, and is sometimes judged an obsolete instrument of control with potential to injure the horse. The objective of the research presented herein was twofold; firstly, to investigate the actual pressure load in the mouth of the horse with regard to oral health issues, and, secondly, to investigate whether this could be a viable method to objectively measure strength exerted by a rider/driver to the mouth of the horse especially with regard to training regimes. From the results, it is evident that these newly developed sensors have a future in equine research, although they are still under development. They can be useful both as a pedagogic teaching instrument, providing instructor and pupil with instantaneous, objective feedback on the contact between hand and mouth, as well as an aid in measuring pressure loads from our common bits. .

In today's society there is tougher climate both financially and time wise. Accountants working under tight deadlines leading to the compromise between quality and quantity in the audit process and them therefor are being guilty of so-called reduced audit quality, RAQ. Reduced audit quality involves intentional actions designed to somehow reduce the evidence contained in the audit. We examine in this study the impact of time budget pressure (TBP), underreporting of time (URT), ethical organizational culture and charismatic leadership has on the frequency of RAQ.Previous research has already shown that there are clear links between TBP and RAQ, between URT and RAQ and between ethical culture in organizations and audit quality available. Five hypotheses were designed to the study.

Today dairy farmers in Sweden are obligated to have lights turned on during night time in addition to the mandatory daylight inlet. This presents a cost for the production but many argue that it can be economically beneficial, especially in loose housing of dairy cows. In loose housing and even more so in herds with automatic milking, well functioning cow traffic during all hours of the day is crucial to optimise production. In order to keep the cow traffic flowing, lights may be an important management tool. It is also perceived among farmers with tied up stall that night light decreases the incidents of cows accidental stepping on their own or neighbours udders.

This master thesis was a subtask of a project called EMIR-1. The goal with the thesis was tobuild a system for particulate mass measurements in one of the engine test cells at KTH. Theparticulate mass measurements are planned to be measured with a TEOM.The exhaust gases must first be diluted with air before the sample is sent to the TEOM.Therefore an ejector diluter for this matter also was designed and evaluated in the thesis.Emissions measurements have been done both with and without dilution to determine thedilution ratio. Tests have been done for different speeds and loads.Problems with stability of the dilution ratio have been an issue throughout the process andpressure pulsations in the exhaust pipe are believed to be the cause. More tests have to be done tomake sure that this is the problem.One idea is to make the inner diameter of the diluter nozzle smaller and see if it changes thedilution ratio stability.

This paper is an attempt to distinguish the specifics of the conflict resolution process and the negotiations during trade conflicts. First of all, this kind of conflict almost always contains some kind of protectionism which doesn?t make sense economically. Imposing trade-barriers decrease the overall welfare of your own nation and the only winner is the protected sector. These policies can be introduced since the political pressure from threatened industries is usually much stronger than the pressure from the consumers who will bear the burden of protectionism.

Volvo Construction Equipment is a world leading company in construction machinery. Tomaintain the best products, development is prioritized. The master thesis regards sound reductionof the hydraulic system on a wheel loader. The background to the master thesis is asimulation made on the hydraulic system, performed autumn 2005. The result of the simulationshows that the energy of the pressure ripple is reduced when the paralleled hydraulicpumps are phase shifted and reduces each others pump pulsations.

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), as a consequence of atherosclerosis in the arteria of the limbs, affects one of ten Swedes older than 65. PAD can develop slowly and silently, and involves an increased risk for cardiac infarction and stroke. Measurement of the patient´s ankle blood pressure and calculation of the ankle-brachial index is an evidence-based method to discover PAD. Objective: To investigate how district nurses and general practitioners perceive this method of examination and experience possible obstacles to why it is not more commonly applied at primary health care centres. Method: Data collected by semi-structured interviews have been processed by qualitative content analysis with a manifest onset.

Patienter med morbid obesitas har en ökad risk för atelektasbildning och postoperativarespiratoriska komplikationer efter generell anestesi på grund av sänkt vitalkapacitet (VC),funktionel residualkapacitet (FRC) och total lungkapacitet (TLC). Tidigare forskning har visat attPostoperativ Bi-level Positiv Airway Pressure (BIPAP) ventilations behandling minskar denna risk.Denna studie avsåg att utvärdera om postoperativ BIPAP-behandling förbättrar patienternas SpO2,paO2 , paCO2 och pH i arteriellt blod efter genomgången elektiv gastric bypass kirurgi jämfört medtraditionell postoperativ behandling. Insamlat material från 18 patienter huvudsakligen bestående avarteriella blodgaser och bakgrundsdata analyserades med analytisk statistisk. För att kunna beskrivahur patienterna upplevde BIPAP-behandlingen ställdes två öppna frågor ställdes till patienterna,.Resultatet visar att postoperativ behandling med BIPAP under 3 timmar ger högre SpO2 och lägrepaCO2 än traditionell postoperativ behandling efter elektiv gastric bypass kirurgi. Vid bådabehandlingarna sjunker paO2 och pH är oförändrat.

Bakgrund: Om ett barn fo?ds fo?r tidigt kan fo?ljden bli att barnet va?rdas pa? en intensivva?rdsavdelning. Dessa barn kan utsa?ttas fo?r ma?nga livsno?dva?ndiga men sma?rtsamma procedurer under va?rdtiden. Sma?rta a?r en negativ upplevelse fo?r individen ba?de pa? kort och pa? la?ng sikt.

As EU?s authority increased the number of lobbies in Brussels grew. Today there are approximately 15 000 lobbyists in Brussels. EU decisions and EU directives can have a huge impact on companies and organizations. They can however influence these decisions and directives through lobbying.

SAMMANFATTNING BAKGRUND: En patient med ryggmärgsskada [RMS] har en livslång ökad risk för trycksår på grund av sitt rörelse- och känselbortfall. Av alla med RMS i världen får upp till 95% trycksår minst en gång under sin livstid. Det finns idag ingen bra riskbedömningsskala avseende trycksår hos RMS-patienter, då de enligt den vedertagna Modifierade Nortonskalan får en missvisande låg risk för trycksår. Med kunskap om riskfaktorer, information och utbildning går det till stor del att förebygga uppkomsten av trycksår.SYFTE: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga förekomsten av trycksår hos nyskadade/nyinsjuknade patienter med RMS samt att undersöka vilka faktorer som visar på risk för trycksår.METOD: Studiedesignen var en kvantitativ jämförande observationsstudie där data samlades in longitudinellt och prospektivt. Skillnader mellan nyskadade/nyinsjuknade RMS-patienter med och utan trycksår studerades.RESULTAT: Av de 61 patienter som deltog i studien hade 35 (57,4%) trycksår någon gång under vårdtiden.

This bachelor thesis in mechanical engineering was performed during the spring2015 in collaboration with Composite Consulting Group in Laholm. TheComposites Consulting Group works mainly with design and details of differentcomposite projects, their main area is FE-calculations, 3D-modelling andmechanical tests with composite materials.The aim of this bachelor thesis was to simplify the calculation process of solidmechanics for sandwich panels by simulation with computer software. The goalwas to decrease the time for the design and calculation process of the constructionand the cost of the practical tests. Our task was to build a static three dimensionalmodel with the computer software Abaqus, where the result should correspondwith the practical pressure tests in laboratory.The project started with collection of material data from Composites ConsultingGroup and by learning the software Abaqus, simultaneously a specification wasdeveloped in corporation with the company. Later on, a static wheel pressuremodel in the software Abaqus was produced which simulated the behavior of thesandwich panel during static wheel-pressure by a pallet truck.

Much attention has been directed to Charity Foundations and how they use the donations given to them. Donators and external organisations put pressure on and evaluate the performance of Charity Foundations. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding of how Charity Foundations handle the pressure from external parties through a qualitative case study of one Swedish Charity Foundation. The most important external factors have been identified and the accountability relationships between each party and the Charity Foundation have been examined. The empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews and from written sources.

Bakgrund: Trycksår har varit känt sedan ca 2000 f.Kr. ändå kvarstår problemet. Det är idag ett utbrett problemområde inom vården då patienter ständigt drabbas av nya trycksår trots att välbeskrivna preventionsåtgärder och riktlinjer finns att tillgå. Främst drabbade är äldre, personer som har någon form av rörelsehinder, är sängliggande eller stillasittande stora delar av dygnet. Trycksår innebär ett stort lidande för den drabbade patienten, främst i form av konstant smärta.

Bakgrund: Ett trycksår orsakar fysiskt, mentalt, emotionellt och socialt lidande för patienten. Även behandlingar som patienten behöver vara med om innefattar ett lidande och en rädsla för den smärta de upplever vid dessa. En rädsla för att såret inte ska läka och att få infektioner eller behöva amputera. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig uppgift vad gäller förebyggande åtgärder vid risk för trycksår, att ge en god omvårdnad och behandling. Detta trots att patienten upplever smärta vid omläggningen av såret.Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur patienter som lever med svårläkta trycksår upplever sin situation och att kategorisera upplevelserna utifrån WHOQOL-instrumentets fyra dimensioner av livskvalitet.Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på nio kvalitativa artiklar som kategoriserats utifrån WHOQOL-BREF:s fyra kategorier som referensram.Resultat: Patienter som lever med svårläkta trycksår upplever att deras liv påverkas på grund av fysiska, psykiska, sociala och miljörelaterade faktorer som smärta, oro/ångest, minskad social kontakt och att vara beroende av vården.Slutsats: Patienternas livskvalitet påverkas både fysiskt av att ha ett sår vilket gav konsekvenser för det psykiska välmåendet och den sociala kontakten.