The purpose of this thesis work is to evaluate how the physical behaviour of a Pipe bend is affected by the Pipe bending procedure. Effects such as initial ovalization, thinning, thickening and plastic hardening from the bending procedure are examined and the mechanical properties of Pipe bends containing these effects are investigated.This has been evaluated by creating a detailed Finite Element model of a Pipe that is being bent. Then the differences compared to a bent tube in a virgin state, so called Elbow elements and an analytical in-house program have been evaluated. The virgin state refers to a model of a Pipe that is bent from the beginning, thus having a homogeneous thickness and not containing any plastic hardening. The Elbow element is a calculationally cheap element, specially developed for accurate calculations of Pipe bends in an initially virgin state.The goal with the thesis work is to get a better picture of what happens to a Pipe as it is being bent, how this affects the mechanical properties and to evaluate the possibility to develop an easy method for taking these effects into account when using the Elbow element.This report describes the layout of the work and how the detailed FE-model has been constructed.

Syftet med detta arbete är att simulera ett värmesystem i COMSOL Multiphysics, Pipe Flow Module, Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow som innehåller ekvationer och randvillkor för att modellera inkompressibel strömning och värmeöverföring i rör.Data om processen och dess komponenter har samlats in från industrin där arbetet är utfört och i vissa fall modifierats för att bättre beskrivas i programmet.Utifrån insamlad data har en modell byggts upp och två simuleringar har gjorts. En stationär för starten av systemet, den har sedan legat till grund för en dynamisk som simulerar förloppet från start till normaldrift.Tiden det tar för det aktuella fallet att nå drifttemperatur är 16 timmar. En felströmning upptäcktes samt att en av pumparna inte kommer att klara en start från 20 °C..

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

The purpose of this thesis work is to evaluate how the physical behaviour of a Pipe bend is affected by the Pipe bending procedure. Effects such as initial ovalization, thinning, thickening and plastic hardening from the bending procedure are examined and the mechanical properties of Pipe bends containing these effects are investigated.This has been evaluated by creating a detailed Finite Element model of a Pipe that is being bent. Then the differences compared to a bent tube in a virgin state, so called Elbow elements and an analytical in-house program have been evaluated. The virgin state refers to a model of a Pipe that is bent from the beginning, thus having a homogeneous thickness and not containing any plastic hardening. The Elbow element is a calculationally cheap element, specially developed for accurate calculations of Pipe bends in an initially virgin state.The goal with the thesis work is to get a better picture of what happens to a Pipe as it is being bent, how this affects the mechanical properties and to evaluate the possibility to develop an easy method for taking these effects into account when using the Elbow element.This report describes the layout of the work and how the detailed FE-model has been constructed.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This thesis describes possibilities for Metso Paper to lower their costs of spray Pipes for their pulp wash press TRPE, with maintained good functionality and quality.Information that can be used by competitors has been censored in this version of the essay.To find solutions, alternative suppliers have been contacted and asked to quote. There has also been a new spray Pipe designed. The manufacturing costs of the new design have been calculated.The thesis also contains a concept generation of an alternative product to the spray Pipes in installations where a high pressure washer is used.To be able to ask other manufacturers of spray Pipes to quote, a demand specification based on the currently used spray Pipe was made. This was then sent to two alternative suppliers.An investigation of earlier used spray Pipes, and the currently used, shows that the nozzles are a big part of the total costs of the spray Pipes. To attempt to reduce the nozzles high cost an concept generation was made to find the best solution for a new design.There was a request that it should be possible to change the internal brushes in the spray Pipe without cutting and welding.

This study was a final thesis, for the bachelor program in civil engineering at theUniversity of Uppsala, which was made on behalf of Riksbyggen in Uppsala. Acomparative study of two stain renovation methods; tradition Pipe replacement andrelining was done with an environmental perspective. A simplified life cycleassessment (LCA) was done according to the International Organization ofStandardization (ISO) with the LCA tool Eco-indicator 99, in order to be estimate theimpact on the environment. LCA is a method that follows a product or a system?from the cradle to the grave?, which means that all the environmental impact over alifetime is considered.The work was executed by using a stairway with nine apartments in a house called?Uppsala Hus 9? as a reference object, which was provided by Riksbyggen.