Bakgrund: Många biltillverkare fick stora ekonomiska problem under den ekonomiska krisen i slutet av 2008. Detta gjorde biltillverkarnas kapitalstruktur och skuldandel till ett högaktuellt ämne.Syfte: Studien syftar till att ta reda på om det finns något samband mellan biltillverkarnas skuldandel och resultat, börsvärde samt finansiella nyckeltal under låg- respektive högkonjunktur.Genomförande: Sekundärdata har samlats in från företagens årsrapporter och finansiella rapporter. Dessa data har sedan sammanställts för att kunna göra en regressionsanalys och hypotesprövning. Detta för att se om det finns något samband mellan skuldandelen och nyckeltalen.Resultat: Det fanns ett signifikant samband under både låg- och högkonjunktur mellan skuldandelen och resultatet samt räntabiliteten på det totala kapitalet. Det är svårt att säga om det är skuldandelen som är den beroende eller oberoende variabeln, det vill säga om det är skuldandelen som påverkar nyckeltalen eller tvärt om.

AbstractAccording to several researchers finance is scarce, scarcer for small businesses than for big enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises, SMEs, that want to start exporting and sales or manufacturing abroad need capital to get ready. Which capital structure and financial costs do they have, and which forms of finance do they actually use for that purpose. New american research by Mansi, Reeb (2002) has suggested, that there is a positive connection between leverage and a negative one between financial costs and internationalization, and that a non-linear model better describes this connection.This study has gathered data in two ways: Through a questionnaire from 37 SMEs and balance sheet figures from totally 166 manufacturing SMEs. In order to examine, whether the company was active on the international market, 200 SMEs in south Sweden were asked, if they exported to, produced or sold on any other market than their home market.

Syfte Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta undersöka huruvida det finns någon skillnad mellan skuldsättningsgraden inom produkt- och tjänstebranschen. Ett delsyfte till uppsatsen är att undersöka hur räntekostnaden ser ut och huruvida det finns signifikanta samband mellan de olika branschernas gällande ovanstående faktorer.Metod Undersökningen är en fallstudie med en abduktiv kvantitativ ansats. Empirin består av sekundärdata i form av årsredovisningar.Teori Teorin har utgått ifrån genrens klassiker i form av Modigliani & Millers två teorem, Pecking order teorin samt Trade-off teorin.  Även Hallgrens modell om risk har tillämpats.Empiri Data är insamlad från sex byggföretag samt från sex revisionsföretag. Skuldsättningsgrad, räntekostnader samt omsättning är granskad dels inom branschen och dels jämförande mellan branscherna. Empirin är testad genom signifikansanalyser.Resultat Det finns inga signifikanta samband mellan bygg- och revisionsbranschens skuldsättningDet finns inga signifikanta samband mellan bygg- och revisionsbranschens räntekostnadDet finns inga signifikanta samband i byggbranschens skuldsättningDet finns inga signifikanta samband i revisionsbranschens skuldsättning.

In this essay the author has studied teachers work with order and measure in the classroom. The empirical survey method has been collected through interviews of focus groups from three different schools located in three different municipalities consisting nine participating teachers in total. The aim with the study is to understand the complexity of creating order in the classrooms by the existing means of control and finding an answer to teachers reasoning around the two articles ?We need to inform how the situation are in school when it is at its worst? and ?Stop defaming school?.The analysis is structured by my questions at issue which are;How does the teachers' work with the means of control which exists in the curriculum to maintain the order in the classroom; how does the teachers concure to the concept of order in relation to the media and the political statements that exists regarding the order issues at school; are there any alternative measures and methods to maintain the order in the classroom.The result shows a unanimous view about what order is among the teachers. Order is a necessity for the pupils to have a good studying climate.

In media the debate about discipline and order in school is widely heard. A politician, some teacher or a representative from the teacher´s union, most often speaks these words. The interest for these issues seems to be persistent.This study is primarily about the expression ?discipline and order?. The aim is to find out how the expression ?discipline and order? is used in the investigated material.

The main aim of this essay was to find out what kind of advantages and/or disadvantages giving marks in pupils order and behaviour can cause for their development of knowledge and emotional and social skills. We let teachers answer a questionnaire about giving marks in pupils order and behaviour. We have also interviewed one person that was involved to prepare the latest curriculum in 1994, Lpo 94, and they decided that Swedish teachers do not have the right competence to judge ones order or behaviour. We have also looked at different theories about: mark as motivation, mark as information, mark as control, self-fulfilling prophecy, emotional disorders and gender, with whom we analyse the fact to give marks in order and behaviour.What we can establish is that giving marks in pupils order and behaviour seems to bring more disadvantages than advantages. Boys mature later than girls and have there for, in general, not as good behaviour as the girls have in the classroom.

Part 1 of 2  ? Lean philosophy ? five steps to get the workplace in order?Part one deals with the theory of what Lean and 5S are.Lean is a long-term approach that involves a quest to become the best on the market by increasing employee engagement, eliminate waste and focus on the right things.5S is a method of order in a system. Businesses around the world are using these 5S which stands for sort, straighten, shine, standardize and sustain. Part 2 of 2 ? Lean philosophy ? five steps to get the workplace in order?Part 2 deals with the practical about 5S and a short summery about the company Wibax AB where the degree thesis took place.Wibax has a a project which involves using 5S in practice and create order in the in preparation lab and in the control room.By finding a solution to this mess reduces the time that was previously spent on searching equipment. Instead of search, the workers can do the real work..

Syftet med denna uppsats var att genomföra en processanalys av order- och faktureringsprocessen och identifiera eventuella kvalitetsbrister i processens ledtid..

AbstractThe aim of this present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between birth order and the personality trait narcissism using 181 individuals from Finnveden High School in Värnamo (115 females, 60 males, mean age 17, sd=0,94), in the context of the proposal of Sulloway (1996) that personality is influenced by the specialized nich-es siblings adopt in the quest for access to parental resources. A questionnaire which in-cludes Narcissistic Personality Inventory test, Birth order test and also Rosenberg?s self-esteem test in order to investigate if it might has an impact on narcissistic personality trait, was used. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between birth order and narcissism, however, a significant relationship between narcissism and self-esteem was found. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between narcissism and the individual?s relationship with the mother.

Previous research studies have shown that teacher?s attitude towards girls and boys rather reinforces, than counteracts behavior as stereotyped gender concepts. Order and discipline seem to be important parts of the daily routines in school context and to maintain discipline a constant communication and dealing with pupils are in order. The purpose of our examination aims to study how teachers respond to boys and girls in situations like creation of order. The analysis is based on observations of the interaction that takes place verbally and none verbally between pupils and their teachers in creation of order situations.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om HTF:s och Sif:s arbete med jämställdhet och mångfald. Hur de som fackförbund är förebilder med möjlighet att påverka samhället. Uppsatsens syfte är att ur ett genusvetenskapligt perspektiv undersöka och ge exempel på hur förbunden arbetar med jämställdhet och mångfald, internt mot de anställda och externt mot medlemmar samt hur de hanterar sin roll som förebild. De frågor som jag ställt mig har varit följande; Vilka exempel på skillnader finns det mellan retorik och praktik? Hur formuleras syftet med arbetet? Vad står begreppen jämställdhet och mångfald för, vilka attityder och inställningar finns? Vilka exempel på olikheter finns det på förbundens sätt att arbeta med frågor om jämställdhet och mångfald? Uppsatsen är uppbyggd kring tanken om att organisationen och dess medlemmar interagerar och återskapar tankar om genus och mångfald.

On Ericsson Ltd in Borås a wireless communication system called MINI-LINK? is produced. In order to sell their product with the best possible quality guaranty, there is a signal processing circuit called ATLAS implemented in the system. This circuit would eventually be useful in the production and for the repairs of the radio units. Our commission was to examine the possibility for this use.

Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka hur faktorerna tillgångsstruktur, lönsamhet, företagsstorlek och tillväxt kan förklara variationer i svenska företags skuldsättning. Studien syftade också till att undersöka skillnader i faktorernas förklaringskapacitet mellan olika sektorer. Utifrån tidigare studier och teorier om faktorernas förväntade relation till företags skuldsättning utarbetade vi egna arbetshypoteser över våra förväntade samband. För att analysera hur våra valda faktorer kan förklara variationen i företags skuldsättning utförde vi regressionsanalyser med två definitioner av skuldsättning som beroende variabel. Sammanlagt samlades data från 59 företag in för en tidsperiod på fem år som legat till grund för de utförda regressionsanalyserna.

Everywhere you look in today?s society many kinds of people are constantly interacting with each other. Especially in large groups of people working together, the phenomenon is even greater. In the construction industry there are many kinds of parts that need to come together in order to get sustainable and successful results. Therefore the relationship between the contractor and the construction client must be at its best.

In a time when economic crises relieving one another, it is especially interesting to study how companies choose to finance their operations. Since there is a lack of studies that include banks, and their capital structures, with the rest of the finance market, it is uncertain whether the theories of capital structure are applicable. Therefore, this essay aims to study whether there is any correlation between the two variables debt-equity ratio and return on equity (ROE) for Swedish corporations on the finance market.In accordance with the theorems that the professors Modigliani and Miller filed, in 1958 and 1961, which describes a clear link between debts, increase corporate value through the tax shield and indirectly increased yields. Although these theorems are the foundation of the modern research they focus on perfect markets. Therefore, this paper has also chosen to place great emphasis on theories such as Trade-off and Pecking-order.