Examensarbetet handlar om OCR (Optical Character Recognition). OCR-tekniken går ut på att konvertera inskannade bilder från maskinskriven eller handskriven text (siffror, bokstäver och symboler) till datorformat. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utforska OCRs framtid och vilka användningsområden som finns idag för tekniken. Det intressanta är att se hur OCR klarar sig när mer och mer material är digitala. Genomförandet till detta examensarbete har gjorts med information från böcker, Internet, mejl och genom att tittat närmare på ett företag inom den grafiska branschen som använder sig av OCR, nämligen Aftonbladet. Jag har även testat ett OCR-program, ABBYYs FineReader 8 och gjort tester med några testteman, exempelvis matematiktest och olika tester på artiklar från några tidningar. Mina slutsatser är att OCR har en framtid men tekniken har en del förbättringsmöjligheter, exempelvis tolkning av handskrivna texter. OCR kan finnas kvar även när mer och mer material blir digitala om det integreras i befintliga tekniker, som i ett spam-filter för att tolka texten i bilden.

This report describes the development and implementation of a system for transmitting digital information at high speeds from a miniaturized submersible developed by the Ångström Space Technology Centre at Uppsala University. For instance, the vehicle shall transmit image data ? even stream live video - through an optical fibre to a monitor in a ground station. Hence, the system shall be used both to convert the image data to make it transmittable, and to recreate it at the receiver.The work includes a pre-study of the programming language and the technology used. A concept for the solution is presented together with main components later broken down into internal functions.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund Stråldosen vid en datortomografiundersökning (CT-undersökning) kan vara 100 gånger större än vid en konventionell röntgenundersökning [1]. På 10 år har antalet CT-undersökningar nästan fördubblats [2], vilket också innebär att stråldosen till patienterna ökar [1]. Bröstkörtlarna är ett av de mest strålkänsliga organen och är därför viktiga att skydda [3, 4]. Material som dämpar röntgenstrålning kraftigt och som lämpar sig för strålskydd är t.ex. bly och vismut [5].

Future emission legislation puts great emphasis on increasing the efficiency of the engine, thereby reducing fuel consumption. The tribological contact between cylinder liner and piston ring is where an great amount of energy is lost due to friction, and by reducing these losses an reduction in fuel consumption can be achieved.The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the tested piston ring coatings against a plasma sprayed cylinder liner and rank these combinations of materials for friction and wear resistance. The coatings that were tested was Cr + Al2O3, (Al,Cr)N, two types of CrN and WC / C.The experimental tests were performed with a so-called pin-plate, where used oil with addition of an acidic mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to mimic the acidic condensate formed when exhausts recirculate, were added with a continuous flow. The results were then analyzed by weighing, studies by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profile measurements.The results from each material combination were that the plasma coated cylinder liner wears too aggressively in order to yield a ranking of the piston ring coatings based on the parameters of friction and wear resistance. It is therefore proposed that an alternative coating on the cylinder liner should be developed, lacking the large abrasive wear on piston rings and that can withstand the corrosive environment resulting in engines equipped with EGR.

This report is a description of a developed educational simulator over rail vehicles and its components. The simulator is a hardware-based prototype over a door system on rail vehi- cles. System specialists and technicians will use the prototype. The Simulator should give the user a technical demonstration on how components work in a door system. The proto- type consists of motor, switch, relay and sensor.

Inom nuklearmedicinsk diagnostik används radioaktiva läkemedel för att utvärdera olika organs metabolism och fysiologiska beteende. Genom att använda en scintillationskamera kan strålningen som erhålls när det administrerade läkemedlet sönderfaller i kroppen detekteras och en funktionell bild över aktivitetsfördelningen erhålls. En tredimensionell bildvolym kan erhållas om gammakameran får rotera runt patienten vilket kallas SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Bildernas kvalitet är av stor betydelse för att kunna göra en noggrann bedömning av olika patologiska tillstånd. Kvaliteten begränsas av en mängd faktorer och en av dem är Comptonspridda fotoner.I denna studie optimerades bildkvaliteten för SPECT-undersökningar med 111In-Octreoscan för ett Infinia Hawkeye 4 (GE Healthcare, Wisconsin, USA) SPECT-system vid Norrlands universitetssjukhus (NUS).

This report is a description of a developed educational simulator over rail vehicles and its components. The simulator is a hardware-based prototype over a door system on rail vehi- cles. System specialists and technicians will use the prototype. The Simulator should give the user a technical demonstration on how components work in a door system. The proto- type consists of motor, switch, relay and sensor.

Kinetiken för nitrering av en järn-kromlegering med en gasblandning av ammoniak och vätgas har studerats vid temperaturer mellan 500°C och 600°C. För ett gasatomiserat pulver (Fe-7%Cr) har inverkan av syrepotential (H2O/ H2) och olika förbehandlingar (förreduktion och förnitrering) studerats med hjälp av en termogravimetrisk metod. Dessutom har laserablering som förbehandlingsmetod för nitrering av solida ytor studerats med hjälp av GD-OES-analys (Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry). Resultaten har diskuterats och tolkats med avseende på faktorer som kan påverka ytreaktionens hastighet, kärnbildningsförhållanden samt diffusionsvillkor. Syrepotentialen har visats påverka nitreringshastigheten via komplicerade samband mellan syrepotentialens storlek, kvävehalt i materialet och nitreringstemperatur.

Future emission legislation puts great emphasis on increasing the efficiency of the engine, thereby reducing fuel consumption. The tribological contact between cylinder liner and piston ring is where an great amount of energy is lost due to friction, and by reducing these losses an reduction in fuel consumption can be achieved.The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the tested piston ring coatings against a plasma sprayed cylinder liner and rank these combinations of materials for friction and wear resistance. The coatings that were tested was Cr + Al2O3, (Al,Cr)N, two types of CrN and WC / C.The experimental tests were performed with a so-called pin-plate, where used oil with addition of an acidic mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to mimic the acidic condensate formed when exhausts recirculate, were added with a continuous flow. The results were then analyzed by weighing, studies by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profile measurements.The results from each material combination were that the plasma coated cylinder liner wears too aggressively in order to yield a ranking of the piston ring coatings based on the parameters of friction and wear resistance. It is therefore proposed that an alternative coating on the cylinder liner should be developed, lacking the large abrasive wear on piston rings and that can withstand the corrosive environment resulting in engines equipped with EGR.

This study focuses on costume as a source of information. By making a case study of an 1880's dress itaims to explore the conservators potential as an investigator and conveyor of the information containedin a costume. Further explanation of this role is made by reference to several statements made by wellknown textile conservators. The paper also explores the different words used to make a new version ofa preserved or inexistant garment, gives an extensive presentation of taking patterns and an insight tothe other methods used for analysing costumes. The case study consists of an investigation of the dressconstruction, during which a pattern is taken, and a literature study of the contemporary fashion, theowner of the dress and the maker of the dress.

Inom nuklearmedicinsk diagnostik används radioaktiva läkemedel för att utvärdera olika organs metabolism och fysiologiska beteende. Genom att använda en scintillationskamera kan strålningen som erhålls när det administrerade läkemedlet sönderfaller i kroppen detekteras och en funktionell bild över aktivitetsfördelningen erhålls. En tredimensionell bildvolym kan erhållas om gammakameran får rotera runt patienten vilket kallas SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Bildernas kvalitet är av stor betydelse för att kunna göra en noggrann bedömning av olika patologiska tillstånd. Kvaliteten begränsas av en mängd faktorer och en av dem är Comptonspridda fotoner.I denna studie optimerades bildkvaliteten för SPECT-undersökningar med 111In-Octreoscan för ett Infinia Hawkeye 4 (GE Healthcare, Wisconsin, USA) SPECT-system vid Norrlands universitetssjukhus (NUS).

In a multi-year project at Swerea Swecast AB studies on influence of dissolved gas on inclusions have been made. The knowledge about these parameters could be used to increase the quality of the final steel casting. The purpose of this thesis was to closer examine the impact of the oxygen level on inclusions.The questions asked were:? What was the amount of inclusions at different levels of oxygen?? What was the size of these inclusions at different levels of oxygen?? What does the inclusions consist of at different levels of oxygen?This was studied by measuring and sampling, sample preparation and microscopic analysis using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Measurements and sampling was performed at Smålands Stålgjuteri AB in Eksjö and at Swerea Swecast AB in Jönköping.

Bakgrund: Personer som insjuknar i kolorektalcancer är ofta mellan 50-70 år gamla. Colon kan undersökas med bariumundersökning, koloskopi eller datortomografi colon (DT colon). Nyttan med DT colon är att tarmen liksom strukturer utanför tarmens vägg kan avbildas samt att cancern kan stadieindelas.Syfte: Att undersöka patienters upplevelser av DT colon hos patienter som uppvisar symtom på kolorektalcancer. Dessa upplevelser kan vara fysiska och psykiska.Metod: Sökningar utfördes i databasen Pubmed där sökord kombinerades. Efter granskning av abstrakt och studier i sin helhet inkluderades 11 studier som ligger till grund för resultatet.Resultat: Patienter upplevde lite smärta i fem av sju studier.

Sweden's drinking water quality is considered to be high partly due to a high quality of the raw water and a well developed sewage infrastructure. Despite this, there is water contamination that could be prevented by installation of a sophisticated early warning system. Some of the major players in the production of drinking water have already invested in different types of early warning systems to ensure drinking water of high quality. There are various forms of early warning systems where automatic monitoring of E. Coli is an interesting alternative.

The system tungsten-oxygen has potential of being suitable for decorative coatings since ceramic coatings are often hard and wear resistant, and since modulations in oxygen content or incorporation of small ions could give bright colours. The aim of this report was to investigate the relationship between process parameters and  the properties of the films, with the wear resistance being of special interest.Samples with tungsten to oxygen ratios in the range of 100:0 to 25:75 at% were made using reactive sputter deposition, either with constant gas flow, or gas flow controlled by optical emission of the plasma. The hysteresis of the system, which means that a certain gas flow will cause different pressure and/or target voltage depending on in what way the flow is reached, makes it interesting to control the process where the system makes the steep change from metallic tungsten to ceramic tungsten oxide. This is difficult and thus requires precise control equipment.The samples were analysed using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and an empirical wear test suitable for small components like cell phone cover for example, in order to characterize the structure, composition and wear resistance of the coatings. The results could be divided into three groups: (I) tungsten-like, with very low oxygen content; (II) mixed phase and (III) tungsten oxide like, with oxygen content close to 75 at%.