Sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete har förändrats genom tiderna. I början av 1900-talet var sjuksköterskeyrket ett kall, vilket huvudsakligen innefattades av att se till att smittosamma sjukdomar inte spreds vidare, samt hålla patienten ren. Idag innefattar sjuksköterskeyrket ett mer komplext arbete där administration, specialistvård, teknik, patientnära omvårdnad samt kontakt med andra yrkeskategorier och instanser ska vävas samman. Syftet med den här pilotstudien var att belysa hur fördelningen av sjuksköterskans arbetsuppgifter ser ut över dygnets 24 timmar. Strukturerad observationsmetod användes för datainsamling.

Calf health is of importance both from a financial perspective and from an animal welfare point of view. Housing system and environment are factors affecting the calves? health. The objective of this project was to make a review of literature on calf health and housing and to perform an Observational study on calf health at Nötcenter Viken, Research Dairy Farm, Lantmännen Sweden that changed calf housing system; from a traditional indoor system (Group IN) to outdoor hutches (Group OUT). It was only the housing system that was changed; the routines and feed were the same in both systems.

Background: Examinations with the intent to assess neurological functions and level of conciousness are common in neurocritical care, but the effect on the patient is not entirely researched.Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the patient?s situation at the neurological wake-up test concerning the environment, nursing interventions and the possibility given the patient to become awake, and if these conditions affect the outcome of the wake-up test.Methods: A quantitative Observational study took place at a neurocritical care unit, where 20 patients were observed from interruption of sedation to the neurological assessment, which was performed by a neurosurgeon or a specialized critical care registered nurse. Nursing interventions, environmental factors and physiological parameters were documented.Result: Twelve intervention varieties to control patients? physiological parameters were used. CPP > 80 mmHg was found in 90 % of observations.

The purpose of this study was to find out how young children are allowed to influence and affect their daily lives in preschools, as well as teachers? views on the latter. My interest in this topic is born out of my experience of working with both younger and older preschool children. My view is that democratic work with older children is largely based on direct verbal communication while with toddlers it is based on an adult?s interpretation of a child?s often non-verbal expressions.

Resistenta bakterier är ett växande problem inom den svenska sjukvården. Extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL) är bakterier som kan bilda enzymer som bryter ned antibiotika så att den på så sätt blir resistent. En av de stora anledningarna till spridning av resistenta bakterier är personalens brist på korrekt utförande av basala hygienrutiner. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur sjukvårdspersonal på en infektionsavdelning tillämpar de riktlinjer för basala hygienrutiner som finns fastställda för personal inom hälso- och sjukvården. Data samlades in genom observationer på en infektionsavdelning på ett sjukhus i Mellansverige.

Background: Sweden is a country where vitamin D deficiency seems to be common, partly because of its geographical position, which reduces the availability of UVB radiation, but also that people avoid sunlight due to increased skin cancer risk. Research shows that vitamin D plays an important role in the prevention of many diseases such as cancer as well as autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases.Vitamin D is a fat soluble pre-hormone and a collective name for closely related compounds which act as hormones after undergoing a transformation in the body.Humans can utilize vitamin D through diet and produce it in the body by exposing the skin to the sun. Previous observational studies and epidemiological studies have established a hypothesis that there seems to be an association between vitamin D supplementation and reduction of depressive symptoms.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate if vitamin D supplements may decrease depressive symptoms.Methods: This work is organized as a literature review and article search is made in the database PubMed in January 2012. Keywords used were ?vitamin D and depression? and inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials, be conducted on humans, written in English.

Research shows that Muslims are often reproduced within the context that reinforces stereotyping of Muslims, see for example Otterbeck and Schielke. They are often regarded as a collective group with no distinct individuals and thereby the Islamic religiosity is portrayed as different and deviant from the more secular and private practiced Protestantism that is a common belief in Sweden.The purpose of this work is to study the already existing representation of Muslim women in a Western context, i.e. Muslim women in Sweden. This is done through an analysis of two ethnographic interviews and observational studies, written by researchers in Sweden (Karlsson Minganti and Sultan Sjöqvist) to investigate the existence of an "us and them" mindset. The two ethnographic studies which are analyzed in this work, deal with different types of Muslims: women who have been Muslims since birth and converted Muslim women.

In a business environment where the stakeholder perspective is evolving and sustainable development is receiving increased attention, it is of importance for companies to adjust. The demand and pressure is exerted from several stakeholders who force companies to take action and live up to the expectations because if failing to do so, negative consequences will most likely be the case. The attention of this study is on ABB Power Products (ABB PP) and their environment and working environment risk management. The aim of this thesis is to identify and describe how perceived environmental risks are managed and what the incentives are to work proactively to minimize the risks. The incentives for a proactive risk management strategy are researched through both a strategic and operational perspective.

Bravida is one of Scandinavia's leading suppliers of technical installations and services. According to Bravida an installer loses around 35 per cent of their daily work. It?s the time aspect that?s going to be examined in this thesis. The purpose of this thesis is that the student in question is to investigate the activities of the installers that works with this project, identifying where and how time losses occur and come up with suggestions for improvement.Methods used in this work is literature studies, observational studies and interviews.

Bakgrund: Studier har visat att dörröppningar samt rörelse av personal inne på operationssalen ökar mängden bakterier i luften. Vårdrelaterade infektioner är den mest förekommande komplikationen vid kirurgi och skapar onödigt lidande för patienten. Infektionsförebyggande åtgärder såsom ventilation i operationssalen har betydelse för att minska risken för att bakteriebärande partiklar ska kontaminera luften i operationssalen och åstadkomma infektion i operationssåret. Syfte: Syftet med denna observationsstudie var att studera hur frekvent dörrarna öppnades under pågående operation samt identifiera orsakerna till dörröppningarna. Metod: Data från observationer av 27 operationer har sammanställts och analyserats.

This work is an essay on language, multilingualism, and identity. My purpose in this work was to try and explore how today's young people views in their native language, identity and language development in a multicultural society. I was also interested in how young people find a balance between two very different cultures. Since my work will be based on interviews, I have chosen a qualitative approach. My choice of the qualitative method is primarily related to my purpose.

Stabilization of subgrade is an internationally common technique to improve the characteristics of a soft soil. Improving the stiffness and bearing capacity of the subgrade enables the pavement to be designed with reduced depths of subbase and basecourse aggregates. This makes the stabilization technique both economically and environmentally interesting. Both natural and stabilized soils have high inherent property variability that should be considered when the characteristic value is derived. By analyzing the spatial variability in stabilized and natural subgrades it is possible get the parameters needed for reliability?based modeling of soil properties.

Children ?s expression of emotions and body laguage in preschool. An Observational studyof interaction between girls, boys and educatorsSyftet med studien är att undersöka hur flickor, pojkar och pedagoger interagerar medvarandra genom känslor och kroppsspråk i förskolan. I studien ses flickor, pojkar ochpedagoger som tre kategorier vilka interagerar med varandra i en triangelkonstellation.Den första frågeställningen som ska besvaras i studien är hur uttrycker flickor och pojkarkänslor och kroppsspråk i förskolans verksamhet. Den andra frågeställningen som skabesvaras är hur bemöter pedagoger flickor och pojkars känslor och kroppsspråk iförskolans verksamhet.

Den svenska klädimporten har ökat dramatiskt och vårt samhälle har förändrats till ett konsumtionssamhälle där vi shoppar efter ?köp och släng? istället för ?slit och släng?. Den ökade klädkonsumtion är ett omdiskuterat samhällsproblem och mode är en färskvara som uppdateras i en allt snabbare takt. Ett stort utbud tillsammans med de låga priser som klädmarknaden är uppbyggd av uppmuntrar till impulsköp vilket gör det allt svårare för kunden att fatta medvetna köpbeslut. I denna studie kommer vi att utgå från Armstrong och Kotlers modell av köpbeslutprocessens som är uppbyggd av fem steg som innefattar hela processen.

There are two objectives of this study.The first one was to study the new instrument Deltack fromPrufbau, and with the new knowledge, study the interaction between blanket and paper.Deltack is a new instrument to measure the ink splitting force. Blankets from an earlier study doneby GATF have been montered on 12 different Deltack print forms and those have together with Deltackbeen the base for this project.This study together with information from GATF?s study shows that some of the blankets have ahigher capability to adsorb ink. Those blankets generate a sharper shape on the force curve, they havea lower dot gain, but they print not as good solid..