Background: Fall injuries are a costly problem for society, with costs ranging up to 14 billion a year. In addition to economic loss accidental falls also creates human value losses and reduced quality of life for its victims. In order to prevent the occurrence of injury related to accidental falls healthcare providers utilize various scientifically developed risk assessment tools, one of them being Downton Fall Risk Index. Method: Empirical, quantitative cross-sectional study. Objective: The purpose of the extended essay was to describe the categories in Downton Fall Risk Index that have a bearing on patients' risk of falling while in hospital and in municipal care, and to illustrate how nurses can use the fall risk assessment tool.

Background: Suicidal individuals are vulnerable patients in need of a caring relationship. A caring relationship should be based on a real presence were the patient's needs are in focus. Yet research has shown that suicidal patients experience caring that exacerbate their suicidial problems and hopelessness.Aim: To describe the experiences of hope and hopelessness in suicidal patients and their encounter with health care.Methods: In a literature review, in accordance with Friberg (2012) eight scientific papers have used, analyzed and scrutinized to answer the purpose of a new whole.Results: Two main themes emerged in the results with related subcategories. Experiences of hopegiving acts with sub-themes: The significance of  a caring relationship, the significance of a strong social network and the significance of feelings of hopefulness. The second main theme that emerged was: Experiences of acts connected to hopelessness with subthemes: The significance of a non-confirmatory caring relationship and the significance of feelings of hopelessness.Discussions: It is found that suicidal patients experience care that lead to feelings of despair.

Introduction: The population of Sweden has during the last century doubled. An increased live expectancy results in an older population and the share needing medical care increases. Demographic and political changes in developed counties have resulted in changed demands on the care of the elderly. The elderly are discharged from hospital earlier and this results a significant responsibility on the elderly themselves and their relatives. Often the relatives are engaged in the elderly?s health problems, care needs and the future consequences the current situation results in for the elderly and the domestic life.

The purpose of my study was to find out how staff in after-school activities thinks they work with norms and values, we may call this values education, and how this in turn may influence children's norms and values. By extension, how children are socialized with each other and develop socially. In my research, I have interviewed five of the after-school activities staff who work with children aged 6-9 years at a school in the neighbourhood Rinkeby-Kista in northwestern Stockholm.The results show that after-school activity according to the staff can play a very important and sometimes crucial role in children's social development. Staff believes that if they do not learn the social rules by participating in playing and games in early childhood, when growing up they are outside and cannot participate. By their pedagogical approaches, in terms of values and norms, the adults in after-school activities can help children to become socialized into a community of solidarity and eventually as adults become responsible citizens able to function and participate in society..

Sverige har blivit ett mångkulturellt land vilket innebär att sjuksköterskan möter patienter från olika kulturer som är i behov av palliativ vård. Detta gör det viktigt att belysa i vilken grad sjuksköterskan har förmåga att hantera svårigheter som kan förekomma vid vård av patienter med olika kulturella bakgrunder i palliativ vård.Syftet med arbetet är att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av transkulturell palliativ vård. Metoden som används är en kvalitativ litteraturöversikt grundad på 11 artiklar som beskriver sjuksköterskans upplevelser av transkulturell palliativ vård. Artiklarna har eftersökts i databaserna CINAHL, Medline och PubMed.Resultatet visar att kommunikation är en viktig del för att kunna erbjuda vård och omsorg med kvalitet till patienter med olika kulturella bakgrunder. Förståelse för patientens verbala och icke-verbala kommunikation är väsentlig för att kunna skapa en bra relation mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten inom palliativ vård.

Syftet var att studera hur den palliativa vården upplevs av sjuksköterskor vid användandet av Liverpool Care Pathway. Studien baserades på data från sex informanter på särskild boende/korttidsboende i en kommun i Dalarna. Studien har en kvalitativ design med innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman.Analys av insamlad data resulterade i de tre kategorierna: Tydliga kriterier ger trygghet i vården, Omvårdnadsarbetet har utvecklats och tydligare information. Resultatet visade att tydliga kriterier vid användningen av Liverpool Care Pathway i den kommunala vården gav den palliativa patienten trygghet i omvårdnaden vid livets slut samt klara kriterier som gjorde att personalen tillämpade lika arbetsätt i den palliativa vården. Att stanna kvar i hemmet vid livet slut var en självklarhet för den palliativa patienten när Liverpool Care Pathway var infört i kommunen.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the established law and make researches into non-institutional compulsory care (?mellantvång?) paragraph 22 The Care of Young Persons (Special Provisions) Act (from now on called LVU) and examine whether the administration of the law is in harmony with the best interests of the child.This paper combines two methods : traditional judicial method and a social science method. In the juridical part the sources of law have been studied and in the social sciences part semi-structured interviews have been conducted with five respondents. The theoretical framework consists of ideas and theories about the best interests of the child, a concept which is one of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child's core principles.This study shows that the legislator has identified a problem and an existing need and found a solution to this by introducing a non-institutional compulsory care, paragraph 22 LVU. The problem is that Social Services do not make use of the restraint.

The aim of the thesis is to present a study of what works well and what does not work so well in today?s use of computers in primary care with a special focus on the use of computers in the management of referrals for consultation. In May 2009 a module for electronic consultation referrals was introduced in the computer system Cosmic at the University Hospital in Uppsala. Previously, the primary care units had to use two different systems for management of referrals. Referrals sent internally within primary care have been sent electronically while referrals to the University Hospital or other external units were sent on paper.

The aim with my study is to highlight, illuminate and examine the social and maternal health care motivational work of pregnant women with a risk or abuse of alcohol and / or drugs, and what actions can be considered for these women. In addition, the aim is to explore how social services and maternity care might interact in this type of case. The aim is to convey the subjective experience of each of the interviewees. For the purposes of this study, I have chosen to use the qualitative research method. I have interviewed social workers in individual and family care, and midwives.

The public health care sector has come under increasing pressure to cut down costs, maximize productivity and satisfy patients' needs during the 1990s and onwards. As a way of "getting more for less" quality management has been introduced. Originating in the private manufacturing industry, quality management has a strong focus on productivity and efficiency, aspects which are measured in quantitative terms. However, there are strong concerns that quality management is a means of speeding up the marketization of public health care by introducing core values much different from the ethic and medical norms that traditionally underpin health care organizations.This essay focuses on how quality management has been introduced to, and transformed by, public health care. A theoretical framework based on new institutionalism is constructed, and translation theories are used as a way of illustrating how the medical institutional environment, in fact, changes the concept of quality management.

The purpose of this two years master thesis is to examine the potential benefits of using bibliotherapy on elderly Finnish immigrants residing in Sweden and living in geriatric care. The basis of the study is a four week long bibliotherapeutic project implemented at a nursing home for Finnish-speaking people in Stockholm County.Participants were men and women spanning in age from 70 to 90 years old. Common for all the participants was that they had lived their entire adult life in Sweden, their only language was Finnish, and they had the diagnosis of dementia. The study examines the bibliotherapeutic model of Arleen McCarty Hynes and Mary Hynes-Berry, as well as Inger Eriksson?s approach for the use of bibliotherapy in nursing homes and hospices.The empirical analysis is based on field notes from the bibliotherapeutic sessions and from interviews with librarians and nurses involved in the project.

Syftet med föreliggande beskrivande litteraturstudie var att beskriva och sammanställa bidragande faktorer som påverkar patientens följsamhet till de egenvårdsråd som ges av sjuksköterskan gällande bensårsbehandlingen. Syftet var även att sammanställa vilken kvalitet inkluderade artiklar hade samt vilken relevans urvalet hade för inkluderade artiklars resultat. Artikelsökningen ägde rum i databaserna PubMed och Chinal, sökorden som användes var ?leg ulcer?, ?compliance? och ?nursing?. Resultatet baserades på tio artiklar där fyra artiklar hade hög kvalitet, fem artiklar hade medel kvalitet och en artikel hade låg kvalitet.

Diabetes typ 2 är en kronisk sjukdom som ständigt ökar. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ 2. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades. Analysen resulterade i fem huvudkategorier; upplevelser av att ändra livsstil, coping - ett sätt att hantera sin diabetes, upplevelser av en förändrad självkänsla, upplevelser av vårdpersonalens bemötande och framtidssyn. Resultat som framkom i studien var svårigheter med att ändra livsstil beträffande kostvanor, hantering av medicinering och fysisk aktivitet.

Bakgrund: Brytpunktssamtal är svåra samtal för alla deltagande. Bemötandet och hur beskedet ges kan bli avgörande för patient och närståendes upplevelse av livets slut. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av brytpunktssamtal i kommunal hemsjukvård. Metod: Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Sju intervjuer genomfördes med sjuksköterskor.

Abstract:Background: Socialstyrelsen statistics show that breastfeeding continues to decline. Previous research some mother experiencing breastfeeding difficulties and their lack of knowledge and understanding of breastfeeding. Support to mothers varies depending on their individual needs. Factors affecting the choice are the support of health care nurses and the social network. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe health care nurse experiences of giving support to mother who are breastfeeding.