In the EU the amount of waste increased by 14 percent during the years 2000 to 2010. EU?s target to reduce waste generation runs parallel with the aim of increasing the efficiency and profitability aligned with energy recovery. In Sweden the energy recovery through incineration is increasing steadily, and 46 percent of the municipal solid waste (MSW) is treated by combustion. This report aims to examine the profitability of processing MSW into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from an economic-, energy- and environmental perspective.

AbstractElectricity consumption is a globally increasing problem caused by the high share of electricity produced in coal power plants. These contribute to high carbon emissions when only about 1/3 of the heat generate electricity and the remaining 2/3 of the heat cools off. Combined heat and power plants (CHP) have high efficiency because they use the residual heat for domestic heating. The CHP plant often use fuels from renewable resources, giving them a lower carbon footprint, but are also depending on the heat demand. If electric powered products such as drying cabinets convert to heat powered products more environmentally friendly electricity will be produced by CHP plants, which can supplant electricity, produced from coal power plants and reduce carbon emissions.

Eutrophication was recognized in the early 1900's and results in severe algal blooms, increased biomass production and eventually leads to an altered ecosystem. In Mälardalen we find the most eutrophic lakes. Most of the applied phosphorus and nitrogen into seas and oceans comes from agriculture, and the nutrients losses are affected by local weather conditions and soil type. Guidelines for storage and distribution of manure were introduced in the 80s, and the rules were strengthened January 1, 2010. Localities and previous county administrations can whether there are special reasons, grant an exemption for manure application during winter-periods despite the current ban.In this essay I have examined how many exemptions of manure application that has been granted at the Sagån river, and what implications it has for the eutrophication of Lake Mälaren.

Det övergripande syftet med detta arbete var att skapa en övergripande sammanställning rörande ämnena flödesproblem och silodesign och specifikt ta fram riktlinjer för hur massflöde ska uppnås i silos för hantering av olika biobränslen. Dessutom syftade arbetet till att ta upp två autentiska exempel med flödesproblem och hur dessa kunde designas om för massflöde. För att ta fram riktlinjer har arbetet utgått från värden framtagna av Wu, Schott & Lojdewijks (2011). Dessa har sedan bearbetats i programvaran Silo Stress Tool skapad av Dietmar Schulze (2013) för att utvinna gränsvärden för massflöde beroende av egenskaperna internfriktion, väggfriktion och vinkel på silons ficka. Resultatet visar gränsvärden för massflöde för både cirkulära och rektangulära silos.

Milkability or ease of milking, has higher importance today for Swedish dairy cattle producers after the introduction of milking parlours and automatic milking systems. Milkability is the cow?s ability to quickly milk out and be completely milked. There are several measures of milkability available. Today the farmer measures the traits subjectively in relation to the conformation scoring of the cow 30-270 days after her first calving.

Four different kinds of filter-materials with reactive surfaces have been studied concerning their capacity to absorb heavy metals in leachate from a municipal waste deposit. The heavy metals studied were: lead, cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, nickel and zinc. The leachate contains high levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and has a high pH-value along with a high buffer capacity. These characteristics of the leachate make it difficult to remove pollutants and require efficient filters. The filters that were examined in the report are blast-furnace slag with CaO, sand covered with iron oxides, olivine and nepheline.

This paper deals with stable isotope analysis on the children of the early Christian cemetery in Varnhem, Västergötland. Human bone and tooth material from the cemetery has been analysed for stable carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes. The analysis showed that the diet had been homogeneous and that the children had been breastfed, with a possible exception of the child from grave 100..

Background - Swedish trade and industry primarily involves small corporations, including small manufacturing corporations. Currently, most costing models that are used are based on studies accomplished at large corporations. This conveys to the fact that product costing that occurs at small manufacturing corporations is based on all complexities that large corporations bring, which rarely match with small corporations. It occurs that small manufacturing corporations unconsciously rely on incorrect information that has been calculated based on great corporations? product costing.

When establishing a groundwater protection area it is of great interest to be able to estimate the transit time of the groundwater from different places of the aquifer to the withdrawal well. These estimates can be uncertain due to heterogeneities in the aquifer. As a part of the work to develop methods for a more certain delineation of protection areas, a tracer test was performed in an esker located 25 kilometres NW of the town Uppsala.The purpose of this master thesis was to perform, describe and evaluate the tracer test. Travel times from the tracer test should then enable comparison against stochastic simulated travel times of the groundwater in the area.Three dyes (rhodamine WT, uranine and naphtionate) and a salt (NaBr) were used in the tracer test. The tracers were injected in four different wells located 25 meters from a pumping well.

That air pollutants of different kind has impact on our climate can hardly haveavoided anyone during the past years environment explosion in the media. But howis it actually with the reverse, i. e. the climate's impact on air pollutants? The aimwith our degree thesis is to try to find out if different weather factors, statisticallyseen, promotes atmospheric pollutants and particles in the air and vice versa.We got access to data on air pollutants and weather factors that was registeredduring year 2007 at Femmanhusets air pollutant and weather station in Gothenburg.In order to do a statistical investigation of these data, and to be able to analyze if itoccurs relations of various kind, we used the statistics program SPSS.

Examensarbete utfördes på CA-Verken i Sävsjö som bl.a. tillverkar hydraulcylindrar. De senaste två år har CA-Verken haft en kraftig ökning av omsättningen och det som står i vägen för fortsatt expansion är produktionen som har begränsad kapacitet.Målet med detta arbete är att studera CA-Verkens produktionsflöde för att kunna identifiera flaskhalsen/flaskhalsarna och därefter ge förslag på lösningar och förbättringar. Den teorin som har använts som grund till arbetet är Theory of Constraints (TOC). Intervjuer, företagets affärssystem och observationer har använts vid datainsamling.

The investigation was initiated because of the high workload of the sellers and, additionally, because the Tunadal sawmill has received low ratings in customer surveys. Thus,  two main approaches are adopted here,  the first being to investigate which of the three methods  of working, namely, market divided flow organization, function organizationand flow organization with collaboration, proves to be the most beneficial. The second is to investigate whether there is an available method to ease the daily work. A literature review has been made in order to determine more efficient ways for the sellers to work in the Tunadal sawmill. During the investigation, an in-depth investigation into the total quality management using a balanced scorecard as a management tool was conducted.

The Transport division is responsible for the internal transports on Sandvik MaterialTechnology AB. At the moment there is no clear picture of how the straddle carriers aremoving at the division Primary Products and if it is working in a satisfying way. It isimportant to see the whole picture of the transportation flow so improvements can be made.The purpose of this essay is to survey and analyse the truck flow in a Lean Productionperspective. The essay is delimited to only include straddle carriers transportation ways in thePrimary Products division. To survey the truck flow we have used a method called Walkthrough.This means that we have walked thorough the whole production flow andinterviewed some of the employed on the way to get the necessary information.

Dagens konsumentbeteende online skiljer sig åt från hur det såg ut för bara några år sedan, någotsom kan förklaras av att både e-handel och Internet ständigt utvecklas och vårt köpbeteende ochvåra preferenser tenderar att förändras över tid. Den tekniska utvecklingen gör attkonsumentbeteendet inom e-handel tenderar att växla snabbt vilket gör kontinuerlig analys avkonsumentbeteende till en nyckelfaktor för att lyckas inom e-handel.Studien syftar till att undersöka det något yngre kvinnliga segmentets, i åldern 25-34 år,konsumentbeteende inom e-handel idag. Flow är ett använt begrepp för analys avkonsumentbeteende och har visat sig påverka både attityder och avsikter avsevärt inom virtuellamiljöer som exempelvis e-handel. Flera definitioner på begreppet tyder på en viss komplexitetoch att tillståndet tenderar att förändras och växa i takt med utvecklingen. I studienkonceptualiseras flow i kategorierna koncentration, njutning och förvrängd tidsuppfattning, där viundersöker hur de påverkar webbsajters användarvänlighet och konsumentens upplevdabeteendekontroll, och vi fokuserar på konsumentbeteende online i form av impulsköp och avbrutna köp då vi önskar analysera om beteendena påverkas av ett flow-tillstånd Via en enkätundersökning med kvinnliga studenter från svenska universitet visar våra resultat attflow i form av njutning och förvrängd tidsuppfattning ökar impulsköp, medankoncentrationsnivån inte har någon påverkan på konsumentens impulsivitet.

AbstractDegree thesis Solid content in Lime Mud By Andre Flodin Process operator program ? Umeå University 17/6 ? 2014 Pages: 21A thesis was made on Billerudkorsnäs production unit in Karlsborg where lime kiln in the causticising department of chemical recovery plant does not meet the required production. Causticising department is the final step in the chemical recycling unit. There, the filtered green liquor is mixed with lime to recover the cooking chemicals used in the pulp factory. The cooking liquid is called white liquor.