Bakgrund: Antalet personer med demenssjukdom ökar ständigt i hela världen och eftersom åldrandet är förknippat med smärttillstånd kommer sannolikt även antalet personer med demenssjukdom som har smärta att öka. Demens är ett samlingsnamn för sjukdomar och skador i hjärnan som innebär försämrad minnesförmåga. Personer med demenssjukdom har på grund av minnesstörning och kommunikationsproblem svårigheter att beskriva smärta. Detta kan leda till en smärtbehandling som inte är optimal och personerna utsätts för onödigt lidande. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva förutsättningar som påverkar sjuksköterskans bedömning av smärta hos personer med demenssjukdom.

Due to the growth of multinational concerns during the last decades, with large parts of international trade involving such corporations, the field of transfer pricing, including financial transactions such as internal loans, have received a great deal of attention in tax legislation. The internationally accepted foundation for transfer pricing is the so called Arm's length principle, expressed in Swedish law through the "Korrigeringsregeln". In the Diligentia court case, the concepts of transparency and control were given a crucial role in the calculation of an Arm's length's price of interest rates. The Swedish tax agency interpreted the ruling in that case as if a parent company always can be assumed to enjoy sufficient transparency and control to reduce the risk on their debt obligations. A great deal of uncertainty therefore surrounded their position and to what extent the Diligentia-ruling could be cited as precedent.

Studien ville visa på sångens möjligheter i vårdandet. Med en växande äldre population i västvärlden, blir sökandet efter nya evidenta och effektiva vårdinterventioner viktiga. Sången tar med hela människan i vårdandet på människans villkor. En kvalitativ litteraturstudie genomfördes med tio vetenskapliga artiklar till grund. Innehållsanalysen resulterade i tre teman;Sången skänker medgång i samverkan, Sången genererar förhöjd livskvalitet samt Sången tangerar patientens livsvärld.

The DISA method is a universal program developed for teenage girls to prevent depression. The program includes cognitive behavioral techniques are suppose to change negative pattern of thinking, give practice of communication, strategies of problem solution and exercises to strengthen the social network. The purpose of this study is to find out how a group of teenage boys were affected by the DISA program and what factors that may have impacted the outcome. Material from three different studies have been used, a quantitative study in terms of data from self-assessment form CES-D, materials from two semi-structured focus group interviews with the boys and material from a questionnaire filled out by the boys on two occasions during the DISA method. The result of the CES-D indicates that the boys had less depressive symptoms after the final group meeting compared to the first group meeting and also a year later. Analysis of the material from focus group interviews and questionnaire have been made from a communication theory and systems theory perspective and indicate a shift to greater cohesion in the group and demonstrates that communication between the boy-group and group leaders had importance for the outcome.

This essays aim is to investigate the possibilities of subjective interpretation of Lgr11, the Swedish curriculum for elementary school. The assignment that the Swedish authority Skolverket got in 2009, was to create a curriculum that would grant that the students achievements would not be influenced by any subjective opinions and that all elementary schools in Sweden will give an equivalent education. In the Government bill this is a theme throughout the text and the Minister of Education has also claimed that this document will leave very limited space for subjective reading and interpretation. He says that Lgr11, in contrast to the previous curriculim Lpo94, will clarify what the purpose of the different subjects is and on what grounds the assessment of the students should be based.The method used is the literary theories of reader ? response as they are expressed by Literarycriticist Stanley Fish.

Riksdagen beslutade att från och med höstterminen 2008 införa skriftliga omdömen från första klass. Detta har lett till en samhällsdebatt kring frågor om hur de skriftliga omdömena ska utformas, samt om och hur lärarna bör bedöma yngre elever. Inom pedagogisk forskning har bedömning framhållits som en viktig del av lärandet. Istället för att mäta kunskap ska bedömning gynna och skapa mening för lärandet. Skriftliga omdömen bör genom formativ bedömning bidra till tydligare information för elev och vårdnadshavarna.

Många äldre lider av långvarig smärta och får inte alltid den hjälp de behöver. Ökad kunskap inom området behövs då antalet äldre kommer att öka. Att utvärdera och lindra smärta hos äldre utgör en viktig del av sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde. Genomförd studie syftar till att undersöka vilka kunskaper som finns om utvärdering och lindring av smärta riktad till äldre boende i kommunen. Genom litteraturöversikt av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar redovisas resultatet i fyra teman: sjuksköterskans utvärdering av smärta, vårdtagarens utvärdering av smärta, sjuksköterskans lindring av smärta och vårdtagarens lindring av smärta.

Aquatic organisms are usually not exposed to single substances but rather to mixtures of toxicants in streams located in agricultural areas. The transport of pesticides used in the agricultural area in Sweden is monitored with continuous environmental supervision every year. During 2002-2008 an average of 10 pesticides were found in each sample and 40% of the samples contained substances with concentrations higher than the Water Quality Standards. Chemical risk management is normally based on single-test evaluations. A problem when assessing mixture toxicities is that the constituents and concentrations of pollutants in the environment vary greatly.

Det finns ljud som är på väg att försvinna i takt med teknologins utveckling. Dagens ungdomar har aldrig hört ljud från den äldre teknologin, som den äldre generationen har fått växa upp med såsom skrivmaskinen, modemet m.m. Dessa produkter gav ifrån sig ett speciellt ljud som numera inte hörs lika mycket idag. Men vad händer när tekniken utvecklas till den grad att ljud blir en säkerhetsfråga? Förutom teknikljud finns det ljud från förhistoriska och nyligen utdöda djur som forskare har lyckats återskapa genom studier av kvarlevornas anatomi.

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the structured and evidence-based assessment tool/method The Brief Child and Family Phone Interview (BCFPI) trough a social psychology perspective of conversation. The aim was especially to seek an understanding of the method considering aspects of children?s participation. The research question was: how do the method users apprehend the advantages and the limitations of the BCFPI method considering aspects of children?s participation.

Syftet med studien är att belysa lärares och rektorers tankar kring diagnostisering av elever i de tidiga skolåren vid användande av Skolverkets diagnosmaterialDiamant, som riktar in sig på den förberedande aritmetiken.Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerad intevju som metod. Deltagarna i undersökningen är fyra lärare samt två rektorer med erfarenhet och utbildningen inom området.Resultatet visar att informanterna anser att de får betydelsefull information om var barnen befinner sig i den grundläggande taluppfattningen via diagnosen och därmed kan barn med behov av hjälp och stöd uppmärksammas. Informanterna har en formativ syn på diagnostisering. De fokuserar på hur resultatet följs upp, hur de finner pedagogiska och organisatoriska lösningar. Rutiner för detta är olika på de enheter där informanterna är verksamma.

Research shows that people with burnout experience a high degree of impairments in a range of cognitive functions including memory, attention and concentration. The overall aim of the present study is to investigate whether there is a correlation between subjective estimates of cognition and cognitive performance with objective tests in people with burnout with a focus on working memory and executive functions. Three specific questions were addressed; First, what cognitive problems are described and to what degree? Second, is the performance of executive and working memory tests related to self-reported cognitive problems? Third, are the self-reported cognitive problems related to measures of psychological distress? The study included 77 patients, 65 women and 12 men, with a mean age of 43.48 years. The results show that patients with burnout perceive themselves as having significantly impaired cognition in everyday life, which is clearly evident on the basis of the self-assessment forms PRMQ and CFQ.

Aquatic organisms are usually not exposed to single substances but rather to mixtures of toxicants in streams located in agricultural areas. The transport of pesticides used in the agricultural area in Sweden is monitored with continuous environmental supervision every year. During 2002-2008 an average of 10 pesticides were found in each sample and 40% of the samples contained substances with concentrations higher than the Water Quality Standards. Chemical risk management is normally based on single-test evaluations. A problem when assessing mixture toxicities is that the constituents and concentrations of pollutants in the environment vary greatly.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the teaching of literacy in two schools in different countries, South Africa and Sweden. The basis for the comparison was the decline of the two countries in the international PIRLS assessment. The aim of this essay was thus to identify possible similarities or differences between the two countries, possibly contributing to the decline in the literacy level of young students. The study was conducted by interviewing teachers of young children in South Africa and Sweden about their views on teaching literacy. The research shows that there are several factors contributing both positively and negatively to the literacy of young children.

Emotional intelligence (EQ) has been claimed to be the most critical factor in determining a person's success in life, both personal and professional. EQ highly affects academic and job performance, leadership, stress, and well-being but is still not widely accounted for in recruitment processes. During the last 20 years a large number of researchers have shown interest in the concept of emotional intelligence, but few have studied its practical implications and how EQ-tests are used as a selection tool in recruitment processes. To create an understanding of the motivation for using the test, as well as its role in recruitment decisions, qualitative interviews have been conducted with recruiters at companies in Stockholm, Sweden. All interviewed companies use the self-assessment test EQ:i 2.0.