Timber floating operations in Scandinavia during the 19th and 20th centuries has contributed to severe negative impacts on riverine ecosystems. Increase in water velocity and lack of stream bed heterogeneity as a result of stream channelization lead to increased bed load transport. Since availability and recruitment of new suitable spawning substrate in Scandinavian watercourses is sparse, spawning habitats for salmonids has become a scarce commodity. Lately, increasingly more attention has been given to the recreation and improvement of brown trout (Salmo trutta) spawning habitats in restoration projects. While much of the research on spawning habitat has been focused on evaluation of the influence that the constructed spawning grounds have on fish populations, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the persistence of these constructions over time. I evaluate erosion of constructed spawning beds as an effect of sediment transport attributable to water discharge.

Boberg at Scania CV AB. The purpose was to investigate the technical and customer oriented possibilities for the development of a transport security measure against cargo crime, which is a growing problem in Europe. The main goal was to develop a concept that is possible to implement in the Scania CV AB Fleet Management System. Another goal was to develop a security model that will be used as a tool during Scania CV AB?s future development projects of transport security concepts.The work was divided into three main parts: a background study, handling cargo crime, transport security Scania CV AB trucks and market analysis, a stakeholder investigation including a questionnaire and interviews, and a concept development session.

By using pollen analysis, 14C-dating and historical sources, I studied the history of vegetation and land use at an abandoned forest settlement near the Lade summer farms in the parish of Mora, Dalama. The aim of this paper is to investigate the agricultural establishment and development, the effects of this on forest vegetation, and the origin and development of summer farming. The analysis of pollen in a peat core revealed that a settlement was established at Lade around 1000 AD. Cereal cultivation, hay-making on the mire and extensive forest grazing were intro-duced as a complete agricultural system. Pollen analysis and the presence of ancient fields suggests that cultivation took place on permanent fields. Barley was the main crop, but rye and hops/hemp were also grown at the settlement.

Glass has sophisticated front properties and are used as facades in high buildings. During cold periods, these glass facades could cause thermal discomfort, due to cold downdraught. Cold downdraught can be countered by placing heaters under glass surfaces. Nowadays technology offers highly insulating windows, which is why there is an interest to investigate the indoor climate with only underfloor heating. The research in this area is limited, and few empirical methods are available.

This study investigates the role of yeast in green crop and its impact on the aerobic stability of silage. Fresh crop was collected from 15 farms in southern and middle parts of Sweden during the summer 2014; samples from the primary harvest was collected from eight farms and samples from the first regrowth harvest was collected from seven farms. The grass was ensiled in 1.7 l glass silos. After three months of ensiling, silos were opened and silages were stored aerobically for 10 days. Samples from both harvests were ensiled in completely airtight silos, but samples from the second harvest were also ensiled in slightly ventilated silos. Chemical analyses and yeast counts were performed for fresh crop and silage.

The European Union provide 27 % of total volume raw milk produced in the world. This number is steadily decreasing due to that the world milk production increase is more rapid than EU production growth. The growing middle-class change the demand for food, a higher standard of living increase the demand of milk products as well as other various animal products. Since 1984 the EU milk quota has limited the supply from EU, but the quota will expire April 1st 2015. The European Milk Board expect that the removal of quotas will make the farm gate price decline.

Communication, information and marketing are three of the main prerequisites for companies that want to increase their turnover. The everyday work for a Forest Manager within the forest owners? association Mellanskog consists to a large part of interpersonal communication, either by close vicinity contact or by phone calls. Interpersonal communication is time consuming and resource intensive. If the flow of information, communication and marketing does not function well then there is a lack of a base for development.

Few rectory gardens are today remaining in their former design and the cultural heritage that they represent are disappearing. Since 1987-88 the parishes are no longer bound to keep housing for their priests, which means that they, for economical reasons, are starting to sell their rectories. With this in mind, a group of people, growing up in rectories in Småland and Öland between the 1930th and 1950th, formed an interest group to save the memory of their rectory gardens. On the basis of their memories, they have written a couple of descriptions of the rectories, which describe the gardens content, design and the life they once lived there. With this compilation of the 14 rectory gardens I want to keep the memory of them and create a ground for future work in this field. Historically the rectory gardens played an important roll as patterns and examples in the countryside.

Government regulations and customs duties restrict the import of trucks to some of the markets to which Scania tries to sell their trucks. The distribution problem due to these regulations is solved by the foreign assembly department, KD, at Scania. This means that competence is needed and costs are added not related to Scania's core operations.The aim of this master thesis has been to analyse and to evaluate alternative ways of managing the packing operations considering cost, quality and work organisation. To study and examine the work methods and operations of today and also to present methods measuring the operations effectiveness and productivity.We have used the system approach to maintain totality and to understand the component's relation to this totality. Field studies combined with studies of relevant literature and studies of other companies operations have given us the knowledge and the understanding of the packing operations needed.

During the late 1800s fire suppression became increasingly effective in northern Sweden which led to decreased areas of fire-disturbed woodland and successive changes in the structure of forests. In the long run this can pose a serious threat to fire-dependent and fire-favored species. Today some fire-prone forest reserves are burned as a nature conservation act. Often partial cuttings are made before burning, with somewhat different motives. The purpose of the study in Långsidberget nature reserve was to give a general picture of forest history and its affect on today?s forest condition, and to show how partial cuttings affect burning conditions and results. Långsidberget is located close to areas that were colonized during the Middle Ages.

Energy is an essential part of the society and for a sustainable future we need to use the energy resources in a sustainable way. The forest is Sweden?s most important resource for renewable energy and a higher production combined with shorter rotation periods (time from planting to clear cutting) can increase the access to energy. The tree genus poplar (Populus spp.) is interesting as energy resource as it has both high production and short rotation period. But browsing ungulates are a major threat to the establishment of poplar plants and therefore the poplar plantations need to be fenced in today. To use fences is expensive and time consuming; this makes it interesting to find more cost-effective solutions where there is no need to fence. The aim with this study was to look at the ungulates? occupation rate and browsing pressure in poplar plantations without fence.

It is important to construct or recreate different types of wetlands and study their retention of nutrients, since knowledge of their effectiveness in this matter is poor. In 2003 a wetland was constructed on an old meadow on the western shore of Lake Bornsjön in central Sweden. The main purpose of the wetland was to reduce the amount of phosphorus entering the lake, which is the back-up water supply for Stockholm when the city cannot obtain water from Lake Mälaren. Large areas around Lake Bornsjön consist of agricultural land and the nutrient concentrations in the inflows to the lake are usually relatively high (approx. 1 mg/l total nitrogen and 0.05-0.1 mg/l total phosphorus).

A cattle producer that buys calves that are younger than six months to the herd should have a starter stable to prevent infection spreading in the herd. According to the Swedish animal welfare regulation there has to be a starter stable if more than 50 calves that are younger than four months are bought in yearly to the herd. The aim of the study was to improve the knowledge about bovine buildings and management of starter stables to obtain optimal weight gain and health of the calves. The hypothesis 1) The younger the calves are when purchased, the higher the calf mortality and 2) Purchasing calves from a high number of herds involves a higher risk of calf health problems and calf mortality were tested in the study. The objective of the study was to give advices by way of presenting ideal solutions of how a starter stable should be constructed and managed. A field study was done during June to September 2008 to collect knowledge and experience from existing starter stables.

Styrketräning har historiskt sett tillskrivits som en farofylld aktivitet för barn- och ungdomar.Rekommendationer från förr ger ungdomar klartecken att styrketräna först när de växt färdigt, alltså vuxen ålder. Styrketräning har dock genom modern forskning visat sig vara väldigt fördelaktigt även för barn- och ungdomar då träningsformen kan bidra med en mängd hälsovinningar. Dagens idrottande barn- och ungdomar utför ofta skadefyllda idrotter såsom fotboll, hockey och friidrott vilka skulle kunna vara betydligt mindre skadefyllda om utövarna ökar sin kroppsliga kompetens, bentäthet och styrka som styrketräning medför. Eftersom skolväsendet är den perfekta grogrunden för kunskap så vore även utbildning om- och utövande av styrketräning optimalt under dess tidiga stadium.Syftet med forskningsstudien är att undersöka unga idrottslärares attityder till styrketräning för låg- och mellanstadieelever inom ämnet idrott och hälsa. De frågeställningarna som ämnas undersökas är; 1) Vilka attityder till styrketräning för barn i låg- och mellanstadiet finns representerade hos respondenterna? 2) Hur påverkar idrottslärarnas attityder till styrketräning för barn i låg- och mellanstadiet idrottsundervisningen och i förlängningen elevernas hälsa? 3) Är idrottslärarnas tankegångar om styrketräning för barn i låg- och mellanstadiet förankrade i modern forskning eller bygger de på historiska föreställningar och rekommendationer?Studien är av kvalitativ natur då attityder och åsikter undersöktes.

Sverige är ett av världens mest individualistiska länder. Befolkningen utgörs till 46 procent av singlar och den största gruppen singlar är kvinnor i åldersgrupperna övre medelålder och äldre (Statistiska centralbyrån, 2012). Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att öka kunskapen kring hur svenska heterosexuella kvinnor i gruppen övre medelålder upplever singellivet.Jag använde mig utav välkända teorier och begrepp inom sociologin. De tillämpade teorierna och teoretiska begreppen var individualism, rena relationer, tvåsamhetsnormen och identitetsskapande utifrån teorier som spegeljaget och könsidentitet/könsroller.Undersökningsproblemet bestod i att beskriva kvinnornas upplevda positiva och negativa aspekter utav singellivet, hur deras förutsättningar av att leva som singlar i samhället påverkades av omgivningens attityder samt vilken betydelse det hade för deras identitet.Jag valde en deskriptiv metodansats och genomförde en kvalitativ studie i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Jag genomförde fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnor mellan 53 och 64 år som var skilda och hade barn från tidigare äktenskap.Resultatet visade att de positiva aspekterna av singellivet var upplevelsen av självständighet, frihet och kontroll.