A shorter dry period length has in studies abroad showed some positive effects among high yielding dairy cows. Among other things it has been suggested that the periparturient metabolic stress becomes lower, that the fertility is improved and dry off becomes gentler for the udder, due to a lower milk yield. The milk yield is generally reduced during the first period after calving, especially among primiparous cows. The aim of this master thesis was to investigate how Swedish cows were affected by a shortened dry period, regarding milk yield, Metabolism, health, body condition and body weight from two months before calving to some weeks after calving. Also plasma concentration of lactose during the period before calving was determined.

The aim was to identify if the veterinary nurse is as competent as the veterinaian in placing a nasoesophageal feeding tube. The aim was also to identify the complications with malnutrition and the advantage and disadvantage of the procedure. This essay is based on several interviews with both veterinary nurses and veterinaries. 16 persons were asked 4 short questions in conjunction with an intensive care/emergency and surgery congress in Gothenburg in February 2013. In addition 4 major hospitals that provided intensive care were asked to answer 5 more detailed questions, one answer from a veterinary and one answer from a veterinary nurse was requested.

Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet substance that prevents blood coagulation in the arteries. It is an inactive pro drug that becomes activated after first-pass Metabolism by the liver. The active metabolite of clopidogrel is 2-oxoclopidogrel, which is unstable therefore pharmacokinetic data is obtained by measuring the inactive metabolite clopidogrel acid in plasma. Clopidogrel is taken orally in tablet form. The aim of this project was to develop a LC-MS/MS method for quantification of clopidogrel and its metabolite in plasma. The method has been developed by optimizing the sample preparation.

The taste of the dairy product is probably the main factor determining consumer?s dairy products choice. Consequently it is of great importance that the product tastes good and as expected every time. Off-flavors in milk can be caused by for example oxidation of the milk fat. Since copper is a prooxidant, a high copper content in the milk can cause oxidation.

Mykotoxiner är sekundära metaboliter från mögelsvampar som ger toxiska effekter hos djur och människa. Mögelsvampar kan infektera spannmål både på fält och under lagring och kan då producera mykotoxiner vilket innebär att dessa toxiner kan förekomma i fodret till kor. Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att utreda riskerna med några av de vanligaste mykotoxinerna i spannmål när dessa förekommer i foder till mjölkkor. Fokus har lagts på aflatoxiner, deoxynivalenol (DON) och zearalenon. Litteraturstudien tar upp deras Metabolism, hälsopåverkan samt om de förs över i mjölken och även kan utgöra en risk för oss som konsumenter. Trots att idisslare har högre tolerans mot mykotoxiner än enkelmagade djur så kan även mjölkkors hälsa påverkas.

In Metabolism Mg plays an important role because it affects many cellular enzymes in the body. The energy Metabolism and protein synthesis are dependent on Mg as an enzyme activator, Mg is also involved in the synthesis of RNA and DNA. Absorption of Mg primarily takes place over the ruminal epithelium in ruminants. The main storage of Mg is in the bones but that can only be reached if the cow is in great need of calcium or phosphorus, it's a hormonal regulated process that induces catabolism of bones. Free and available sources of Mg are found in soft tissues and in the extra cellular fluids that includes cerebrospinal fluids and blood.

Several studies shows that dietary supplements do not have any proven effects on health, yet these supplements are increasing in sales. The study aims to find out what attitudes and knowledge people involved in physical activity have towards supplements and which factors influence them to buy supplements. How these factors differ between men and women was investigated. The study is based on answers from 100 collected questionnaires from people who are physically active at several gyms. Of those who participated in the study, 56 percent were men and 44 percent were women.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare equations used to calculate BMR to values of BMR obtained from measurements in order to determine the most suitable equation to be used on children and adolescents with CF.Design: The participants where children and adolescents with CF. Data was collected from the division of Clinical Nutrition at Uppsala Akademiska Sjukhus. Age, weight, height, BMI, BMR, FFM and FM was recorded from 27 measurements. BMR from the participants collected from the indirect respiratory calorimetry was compared to the results obtained from five equations used to obtain a calculated value of BMR.Results: Tverskayas equation was best correlated with the measured BMR for the whole group. The equation underestimated BMR for the participants with a measured BMR over 1400 kcal/24h and overestimated BMR for participants with a measured BMR under 1400 kcal/24h.

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder affecting a range of different mammals, including dogs, cats, horses and humans. Worldwide, 347 million people have diabetes, and the disease is an increasing burden on the world?s poorest countries. The disease is characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia and afflicted individuals experience increased thirst, polyuria and weight loss, sometimes despite increased appetite. Diabetes mellitus is either insulin dependent or non-insulin dependent.

Övervikt och fetma har ökat lavinartat bland barn och ungdomar de senaste 25 åren. Fetma medför både fysiskt och psykiskt lidande för de drabbade barnen och de löper även en stor risk att drabbas av sjukdom i vuxen ålder. Prevention av övervikt och fetma är därför av högsta vikt. Forskning och olika studier kan bidra med utveckling av behandlingsmetoder, hitta nya orsaker och samband till varför fetma uppstår. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera om det finns samband mellan RQ-BMR (respiratorisk kvot, basalMetabolism), antropometriska mått och kroppssammansättning hos överviktiga barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 10-13 år.

This student report is about neutering male and female cats and compares early ageneutering to neutering at the traditional age of 6 months.The main focus in this report is early age neutering, which means that neutering isperformed when the kittens are between 6 and 16 weeks of age. This technique has beenused by shelters in the United States for a long time, to prevent the adopted cats fromreproduce and contribute to the problem of overpopulation.Two different surgical methods are also addressed; the ventral midline incision and thelateral flank approach. Ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy are also compared.I also address which drugs are preferable when kittens are neutered and some importantguidelines where you have to be extra careful when dealing with kittens.These guidelines are the preanesthetic evaluation, calculating drug dosages and preventinghypothermia, hypoglycaemia and stress.The report also has a summary of the concerns regarding early age neutering such asanaesthetic risks, growth disorders and growth plate fractures, urologic diseases andimmune system dysfunction, obesity, altered Metabolism and behavioural changes.The sex hormones and how they change after neutering is also included.At the end of the report there is a compilation of a questionnaire that consists of eightquestions that I sent out to various animal hospitals and veterinary clinics in Sweden..

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare equations used to calculate BMR to values of BMR obtained from measurements in order to determine the most suitable equation to be used on children and adolescents with CF.Design: The participants where children and adolescents with CF. Data was collected from the division of Clinical Nutrition at Uppsala Akademiska Sjukhus. Age, weight, height, BMI, BMR, FFM and FM was recorded from 27 measurements. BMR from the participants collected from the indirect respiratory calorimetry was compared to the results obtained from five equations used to obtain a calculated value of BMR.Results: Tverskayas equation was best correlated with the measured BMR for the whole group. The equation underestimated BMR for the participants with a measured BMR over 1400 kcal/24h and overestimated BMR for participants with a measured BMR under 1400 kcal/24h.

Introduktion. Handboll är en olympisk gren som spelas internationellt, men främst i Europa. Idrotten ställer höga krav på både aerob och anaerob Metabolism. Syfte. Syftet med studien var att studera överensstämmelsen mellan Cooper Test (CT) och Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) för unga handbollspelare.

5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT) is biochemically derived from Tryptophan. Kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid are also known metabolites of tryptophan. 5-HT is considered to play a role in depression and today selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used for treatment of depression. 5-HT may also play a role in pain perception. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a supplement of tryptophan may affect conditions such as depression and/or pain.

Ideonella dechloratans är en av flera isolerade bakteriestammar med förmågan att använda klorat i sin Metabolism i anaerob miljö. Detta kan utnyttjas inom exempelvis pappersindustrin där klorat är en miljöfarlig restprodukt efter klordioxidblekning.   Klorat och perklorat har visat sig ha negativa effekter hos både människor, djur och växter vilket ger ett stort behov av mer forskning på förbättrade reningsmetoder. Kan genregleringen av enzymerna som sköter nedbrytningen av klorat, kloratreduktas och kloritdismutas, förbättras genom att exempelvis fungera även i aerob miljö så skulle reningen förbättras samt kostnader dras ner.   Genom att införa promotorregionerna för kloratreduktas och kloritdismutas i en broad-host-range reporterplasmid, pQlacZ-1, så kan dessa testas i flera olika förhållanden och i olika typer av gramnegativa bakterier.   Genom dubbelklyvning av pQlacZ-1 med BamHI och EcoRI så har PCR produkter av Clrp och Cldp från Ideonella dechloratans kunnat ligeras in för att sedan transformeras in i E. coli, XL-1 Blue.    Gelextraktion har visat sig vara den effektivaste reningsmetoden inför ligering men utförligare screening behöver göras på transformanterna för att säkerställa metodens effektivitet..