Public confession and declaration of grace in the mass, following the book of worship of the Church of Sweden, is considered by many to be problematic, and hence the topic of frequent discussion. This is apparent already in the proposal for the existing book of worship, as well as in those official proposals that have been presented in recent years for a revised order of worship. This paper provides a summary account of the historical development of the public confession (and its attendant parts) from the early church into recent times, with a focus on the Church of Sweden, focusing on church regulation and official books of worship. This account shows that a public confession existed in early Christian celebration of service/mass, and that public confession and declaration of grace as we know it today (in the Church of Sweden) has developed from the practice of private confession with a relationship to Holy Communion. In Sweden, the ambitions of the Lutheran program of reformation with respect to public confession did not materialize fully.

The aim of this essay was to investigate how teachers in the preschool class work with literacy. How do they justify the methods used to develop children's literacy abilities? I also wanted to know to what extent teachers enable multimodal approaches within written language practices. My study considers the impact teachers' professional identity has on working methods in the preschool class. I hope this essay will help teachers reflect on their learning approach. I gathered information by interviewing three preschool teachers and one compulsory school teacher for the early years working in three different preschool classes in three different schools.

In this essay, I have interviewed four pedagogues from three preschools whit different pedagogical purposes. The purpose was to find out how they work with mathematics outdoor. In addition to interviews, I have conducted observations at each preschool. The different preschools are one traditional, one Reggio Emilia and one ?all weather? (Friluftsfrämjandet) preschool.

Diagnosis means detection and isolation of faults. A model based diagnosis system is built on a mathematical model of the system. The difficulty when constructing the diagnosis system depends om how the model is formulated. In this report, a method is described that rewrites the model on such a form that the construction of the diagnosis algoritm is easy. The model is transformed by two state space transformations and the result will be a system on state space form where one part of the system becomes easy to supervise.

A problem in the field of district heating is the oil burners needed to provide power when a peak load occurs. One possible way of reducing the needed amount of oil is to reduce the power demand for space heating in the district-heating substations when the need for district heating water exceeds a certain limit. This can be done by use of a locally working controller function.In this Thesis the options concerning load priority are evaluated. To evaluate the potential for using controller functions concerning peak load priority an experiment was brought out in a chosen district-heating substation. The impact on the indoor thermal comfort during a heat reduction was also taken into account.

Wind power is one of the sources of renewable energy which has to be developed further in order to lessen our dependence on non renewable sources of energy. It's mainly oil and coal which have to be replaced by green energy. Wind power is already established in many countries, for example Germany, The United States of America and Denmark but it has to be continually developed and expanded to meet the needs of the growing energy consumption in the world. During the last few years many types of small wind turbines have appeared on the market. These small wind turbines are an alternative to the big wind turbines or power generators which demand huge sums of investment money.A new target group can now buy the small wind turbines in order to cover their own usage of electricity.

This Masters thesis work describes a comparison between two different methods for estimation of the down channel (base station to mobile subscriber) in Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). The first estimation method, Optimal Feed-forward Channel Estimation (OFCE), is a conventional method that bases the estimates on data that is known to both sender and receiver, so called pilots. The second method, Decision Directed Channel Estimation (DDCE), is an elaboration of OFCE. It also uses user data for estimation. Simulations show that DDCE, in comparison to OFCE, does not attain an improvement in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for high bit error rates (BER). An improvement is only seen when the BER becomes much lower than what is common in real situations. In conclusion DDCE is complicated, involves many mathematical operations and gives insignificant improvement of SNR when BER takes common values. It is legitimate to question if it is possible to use the method in a real mobile phone system..

Few scientific studies have studied the subject of longevity among horses over a longer period of time. The knowledge about the Swedish riding school horse population concerning injuries and diseases is insufficient. Generally speaking, riding school horses in Sweden have a more undiversified way to work and work more hours in the arena compared to privately owned horses that have more variety in their possible use. Statistical data from the insurance company Agria have shown that horses in riding schools and education facilities have 22 % higher risk to use their veterinary insurance and 79 % higher risk to be put down and use their life insurance, compared to horses in private care. To create an increased understanding for longevity is it important to have knowledge about the different causes of culling. The aim with this study is to increase the knowledge and enable problem solving within the subject of longevity, median length of life and causes of death.

Detta är en uppsats som har fått sin utgångspunkt från rapporten ?Om sociala problem i nya bostadsområden? från Centralförbundet för socialt arbete. Rapporten från 1976 konstaterade att det i hög grad förekom sociala problem i de nya bostadsområden som byggts enligt Miljonprogramsmodellen. I Halmstad byggdes bostadsområdet Andersberg för att bota den bostadsbrist som under 1960-talet rådde i Halmstad. Då området byggdes enligt normer från just Miljonprogrammet, blev uppsatsens syfte att se hur väl detta bostadsområde stämde överrens med de definitioner av sociala problem som preciserades i rapporten, samt att ge en lokal och levande bild av det tidiga Anderberg.

In Sweden it is of major concern to the society that every individual get the same possibilities to be able to complete and affect their education. Despite this some students with a foreign background have difficulties when it comes to homework?s. This is contrary to the goals that the government strives for, which is a more just society. The aim of this study is to analyze five elementary schoolteacher?s experiences and attitudes against the homework for students with two languages.

Background: Getting older means a series of changes in life, some of which lead toincreased risk of poor health outcomes. Older people who immigrate to a new countryalso need to adapt to new cultures and norms, and having to learn a new language inorder to communicate with their environment. Being older and immigrant thus leads toa double vulnerability. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to examine how olderimmigrants? health is affected by not being able to communicate in a country?s officiallanguage.

Studiens syfte är dels att undersöka vilken förståelse för matematik ur ett samhällsperspektiv som elever på en mellansvensk kommunal gymnasieskola har, utifrån den beskrivning av ämnet som finns i de svenska styrdokumenten. Syftet är också att undersöka vilken inställning till ämnet eleverna har, hur attityden påverkas av vänner och familj, samt vilken betydelse media har i synen på matematik.Studien bygger på en enkätundersökning där 130 respondenters svar har behandlats. Genomgående i analysen har gruppen med elever som läser ett yrkesinriktat program jämförts med de elever som studerar på ett mer teoretiskt inriktat program.Resulatet visar att elevernas förståelse för matematikens roll i samhället är fullt acceptabel, men att det är få som nått ett fördjuad insikt. En klar majoritet anser att de förstår syftet med matematikundervisningen.Trots att en dryg trejedel tycker att matematik är det viktigaste ämnet så finner cirka hälften inget intresse för ämnet. En sjundedel säger sig t.o.m.

Skiascopy is used to objectively determine the refractive power of the eye. Except for a Swedish study in 2007, where 93 horses of different breeds and ages were examined with respect to their refractive status, most studies on equine refraction were published about one century ago or more. The objective of this study is to examine the refractive status of healthy warm-blooded trotting horses. Skiascopy was performed in 117 horses in total, aged 3 days to approximately 22 years old. In a pilot study, it was determined whether young horses were able to accommodate or not during skiascopy. The horses in the pilot study were all younger than 14 months. In foals younger than 1,5 months we saw a significant difference in the skiascopy result in the right eyes before and after topical atropine was instilled, but not in the left eye.

There have been changes in Earth?s climate system on both global and regional scale since the pre-industrial era and some of these changes are due to human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels. This calls for the development of engines with a higher efficiency and less harmful emissions. One interesting concept is the Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine, which has the advantages of potentially low emissions combined with high efficiency. However, HCCI with diesel fuel requires a relatively long fuel/air mixing time to ensure a "homogenous" charge.

Background: During the last decade physical activity among Swedish adolescents has decreased. Changes regarding physical fitness can also be seen, for instance the cardio respiratory capacity has decreased mainly among young men while muscular capacity has decreased in both genders. Physical inactivity and impaired physical fitness are both important health related parameters. 18-year olds have fulfilled their physical development and are physically on top of their development, it makes this group interesting to examine. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate differences between physically active and inactive young men and women, concerning cardio-respiratory fitness, muscular fitness and balance.