This essay deals with the diseases osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in a medieval population from Visby in Sweden. The aim has been to evaluate to what extent and in what way these diseases have influenced the people of a relatively large harbour town during the Middle Ages. 24 individuals were analysed osteologicaly and 19 of them became subject for measurements of bone density through DEXA readings. Furthermore four individuals were x-rayed based on external differences due to osteoarthritis and a change in the depression at the base of the medial surface of the greater trochanter. Similar studies have been made in Trondheim, Norway and Wharram Percy, Great Britain.

The horse is a homeothermic animal and to keep a constant body temperature in winter season is important. Acclimatisation is to provide means for a good thermal insulation consisting of skin, hair, and an outer air layer. The skin covers the horses body and it is composed of three main layers where the top layer of the epidermis consists of dead keratinized cells that are constantly being sheed. The dermis is composed of collagen connective tissue that give the skin its strength. The bottom layer with subcutaneous fat provides a thermal insulation and can be used as an energy reserve in cold weather.

In the year 1783 a fissure eruption from Laki in the southern part of Iceland produced a large amount of volcanic gases during a period of eight months. The volcanic gases and aerosols spread across the northern hem sphere due to ideal weather conditions and had a substantial impact on the environment, human health and also climate effects. This, so called dry fog, caused severe health problems, which led to death casualties, killing animals, crops and other vegetation. The consequence was a widespread famine which was aggravated by a hard and long winter in 1783/84. Analysis shows that the Icelandic volcanoes are the primary risk to produce dry fog that can affect Sweden.

This paper appeals to professionals working with green questions. It intends to create a discussion about which plant species that can be established in a fieldlayer of a naturelike planting on fertile agricultural land. To initiate the essay, a studie of which values that can be connected with an establishment of a fieldlayer was performed . A part of Tor Nitzelius Park in Alnarp, a so called naturlike planting on fertile agricultural land, was used as a model for the choice of species. With the aid of soil values, photos and a list of current species, interviews with four ecologists were performed.

The concept of planetary boundaries was introduced in the year 2009 by a group ofresearchers led by Johan Rockström and Will Steffen. The group presented a draft of thelimits of the planet regarding nine Earth System processes concerning climate change, oceanacidification, stratospheric ozone depletion, atmospheric aerosol loading, interference with Pand N cycles, global freshwater use, land-system change, rate of biodiversity loss andchemical pollution. The starting point for the study presented in this report was that asustainable development only can be achieved if humankind stays within the boundaries. It istherefore, based on the ongoing urbanization, relevant to evaluate how cities affect the EarthSystem processes. The aim of the study was to investigate if Stockholm Royal Seaport (NorraDjurgårdsstaden), a district in the northeast of Stockholm with a clear environmental profile,affects the Earth System processes less than Stockholm in general does.

I have observed that hedges are not as prevalent in gardens in the north of Sweden as in the south despite a number of beneficial qualities attached to their use. Consequently, the primary purpose of this essay is to examine the potential for the use of ligneous or woody plants as hedges in a cold climate. The aim of this study is to provide information about the various varieties of ligneous plants that can be used for both pruned and unclipped hedges in the north of Sweden. Because the hardiness of the ligneous plants is a vital factor here, only plants that are hardy enough to survive in the Swedish hardiness zones V to VIII are included in this study. Roses, dwarf shrubs, conifers, bushes with a final height of less than 1 metre and plants that ?bleed? have been excluded.

The objective of this literature study was to describe how the school nurse can adopt the salutogenic perspective in her health promoting work. The articles were examined in order to identify what was written about the school nurse?s work from the salutogenic perspective. In parallel, Eriksson?s, Orem?s, and Newman?s nursing theories were examined from the same perspective.

This thesis deals with different methods for measuring moisture-related dimensional changes ofwood. Typically relative humidity is measured to determine if the ambient climate around anobject is harmful to it or not. Values between 40 to 65% RH are recommended for hygroscopicmaterials. To know how a wooden object actually reacts to changes in the surroundingenvironment requires methods that involve the object itself. Because of the wood anisotropy,differences in wood structure, finishes and other restraints, it is not always possible to predict themovements.This paper addresses various measurement methods, primarily methods that have been testedin the field of conservation, with examples of their use.

In my work I have chosen to examine the profitability for small scale production of hemp briquettes. My study also includes a review of which briquette technique that is the most common one among small scale producers. The reason that I have chosen this subject is because of the discussions about climate and energy that we face almost every day. I also think the subject is extra interesting in these days when the grain prizes are at a historic high level. In order for me to achieve a reliable report, a hemp and briquette producer has given me the actual data from his farm. In that way I have been able to make my calculations from a concrete perspective.

The world is facing huge challenges to overcome the climate crisis. A contributing actor to the environmental footprints are the textile industry and their production processes, which highlights the importance to act. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate how a middle size company's purchase- and design department work to contribute to sustainable fashion and sustainable consumption. As well as to examine the challenges and possibilities that the fashion company faces in its sustainability work. The qualitative study has been prepared and is based on 15 interviews with employees in the purchase- and design department.

Denna uppsats är en fallstudie av ?Klimatpiloterna i Askersund i Laxå?, ett projekt som har velat lära människor hur man kan reducera sina koldioxidutsläpp. Arbetet bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med projektdeltagarna och syftet är att beskriva hur de får vardagen att fungera när de samtidigt försöker minska sin klimatpåverkan. En viktig teoretisk utgångspunkt är att vardagen är praktisk och till stor del består av oreflekterade rutiner. Begreppet risksamhälle används för att belysa hur informanterna tack vare klimatexperter, i detta fall projektledarna, blir medvetna om både klimathotet och vilka förändringar de bör göra i sina vardagsrutiner.

Klimatförändring är en fråga som under senare år har fått mer och mer medial uppmärksamhet och svenskarnas individuella miljömedvetenhet uppskattas vara högre än någonsin. Individen pekas ut som att ha ett stort ansvar, men trots klimatkampanjer så fortsätter svenskarnas kollektiva klimatpåverkan ändå att öka. Denna uppsats syftar till att genom diskursanalys undersöka hur klimatansvar, i termer av ansvar för klimatpåverkan och klimatanpassning framställs i två Svenska dagstidningar, Dagens Nyheter och Uppsala Nya Tidning.Svenskt klimatansvar visade sig vara konstruerat på ett tvetydigt sätt där samhällets gemensamma påverkan verkar vara förenad med brist på enskilt ansvar. Individen är den aktör som oftast utpekas som förväntad att ta ansvar för klimatanpassning samtidigt som detta inte på något sätt krävs. De synsätt som präglade klimatdiskursen var de för ekologisk modernisering där fortsatt konsumtionsökning, tillväxt och grön teknikutveckling förväntas ta Sverige ur klimatkrisen utan att större livsstil- eller strukturella förändringar behöver göras.

The purpose of our study is to interpret and understand the collaborative process around a regional model that is based on state developed guidelines for people with dementia. We have chosen to focus on the importance of interaction and have therefore interviewed participants in the project's steering committee. This group participates in efforts to develop a model for dementia care in Halland.The project work in Halland, to develop a joint model for people with dementia and their families was initiated in the spring of 2011 and is due to finish at the end of 2012. The Halland model has been named ?Annas led? and is about Anna and her husband Lars and living with dementia.

Den globala medelhavsniv?n stiger och ?r ett o?terkalleligt fenomen som kommer forts?tta att stiga flera tusen ?r fram?ver. Studien syftar till att f?rst? hur kustkommunerna, Malm? och Trelleborg, resonerar kring strategier och anpassnings?tg?rder f?r att hantera utmaningar med havsniv?h?jningar, s?v?l som med r?dande styrning och ansvarsf?rdelningen. Studien unders?ker ?ven kommunernas syn p? havet och valet av tidsperspektiv i planeringen.? Resultatet fr?n studien visar p? ett behov av ett l?ngre tidsperspektiv, bortom 100 ?r f?r att m?ta utmaningarna med havsniv?h?jningar.

Regulation of rivers by dams and reservoirs is a good example where anthropogenic impact could be considerable both in the local environment, but also has major implications upstream and downstream. This study was accomplished as a literature study of the river Nile, which is extremely important for water supply. The purpose of this study was to investigate the consequences of the construction of the Aswan High Dam, to obtain a consistent flow for water supply, irrigation and power generation in Egypt. Since Egypt has a very hot and dry climate large amounts of water in reservoir is lost to the Nubian aquifer system and by evaporation. The consequences from constructing the dam are considerable.