Abstract In the contemporary world of information technology you find a multitude of applications and systems covering a broad spectrum of areas of need in different companies. One effect of this multitude of programs is the difficulty to make them exchange information with each other or to collaborate, since they are developed by different programming languages for different platforms, with different standards and different data formats. Our aim with this work is to describe how it is possible to tie these programs together to make them actually communicate with each other in order to exchange information, share their native methods and also to become a part of the overall business processes. In this integration task you will, among other things, find different levels of application integration such as data level, method level, application interface level and user interface level integration. Application integration also involves hardware components, called middleware, that facilitate the physical connection between applications.

The study is based on Lev Vygotskijs and John Dewey's learning theory. Such is ?the zone for immediate development? and ?learning by doing?.Purpose: The study's purpose was to examine how four teachers´ work with bilingual children's language development in a preschool and in a preschool class. These questions will be answered in my study: 1). which view of bilingualism have been the educators? 2).

Denna studie syftar till att studera ordaccenter hos barn i förskoleålder med skånsk dialekt och språkstörning. I studien undersöks huruvida barnen har problem med ordaccenterna och i vilken utsträckning. Barnens yttranden bedöms perceptuellt av två lyssnargrupper och akustiskt som spektrogram, där jag tittat på grundtonskurvan. Svar söks också kring huruvida vissa ord är svårare att bedöma eller producera än andra ord och om lyssnargruppernas bedömningar skiljer sig åt.Inspelat material från 8 barn i åldrarna fyra år och åtta månader till sex år och fyra månader har presenterats för tio lyssnare. Bland de tio lyssnarna i perceptionsstudien ingick fem naiva och fem icke-naiva lyssnare.

The globalization of today?s society has enabled consumers to acquire products and services from all over the world. Global organizations have the entire world as a playfield and offer products and services across markets. Regardless perception and transparency of the global market, consumers are still individuals. Consumers may have different perceptions and ideas about products, their functions and usage.

Denna studie har flera, men sammanhängande, syften. För det första är syftet att undersöka om och i så fall varför lärare i förskoleklasser och i år ett till tre i grundskolan medvetet arbetar med sina elevers språkutveckling. För det andra är syftet att belysa hur lärarna i fråga arbetar, om förskolans och grundskolans lärare skiljer sig åt beträffande arbets- och förhållningssätt samt om och i så fall hur lärarna har förändrat sitt arbete över tid. Det visar sig att de flesta av lärarna i undersökningen ofta och medvetet arbetar med sina elevers språkutveckling. Vidare visar det sig att det språkutvecklande arbetet ofta motiveras av att lärarna vill ge eleverna redskap för en eller flera av kategorierna kommunikation, tänkande, lärande och känslobearbetning.

Detta examensarbete uppmärksammar andraspråkselevers svårigheter med att ta till sig undervisningsinnehållet på ett språk de ännu inte behärskar till fullo samt vad man som lärare kan göra för att undervisningen ska fungera trots språkliga begränsningar. Arbetet består av en litteraturgenomgång och en intervjuundersökning. Litteraturgenomgången redogör dels för forskning kring andraspråkselevers språkliga förutsättningar och hur undervisning för andraspråkselever bör utformas, dels för synpunkter från lärare med erfarenhet av att undervisa andraspråkselever. Här framkommer bl.a. att en bristande ordförståelse utgör det största hindret för förståelsen av ämnesundervisningen och att elever som lär sig ett andraspråk i skolåldern således snabbt måste utveckla ett stort ordförråd.

According to the national curriculum guidelines for elementary school, preschool and after-school 2011, (i.e. Lgr11), the Swedish school is based on a democratic foundation. Schools should prepare students to develop an understanding and acceptance of cultural diversity not only in the society as a whole but also how this should be reflected in the morals and ethics between us. The purpose of this study was to describe how teachers in multicultural schools perceptions and experiences on teaching pupils with diverse immigrant origin, and how they apply these cultural expression in practice.In particular, I focus on four teachers in multicultural schools and how they reason about applying cultural expressions that are transmitted at these schools and by them. Explicitly, I review how from policy documents and their own personal pedagogic are reflected in the actual teaching.

The underlying purpose of this study is to investigate how the libraries in Sweden organize and administrate the service of providing literature in other languages than Swedish. The study focuses on the central guiding principles that regulate the provision of multilingual literature and how these guidelines are implemented in to practice at the libraries. As the guidelines are closely connected to the official discourse in Sweden concerning policies targeted towards immigrants, the guidelines will be examined from a perspective of integration politics. To assemble data a survey has been conducted looking into factors such as how the libraries perceive the guidelines, how the libraries do business intelligence and user inquires to reach out to the users of the multilingual media, forms for statistics and method of working. The results points out that the libraries in their work with multilingual media are confronted with three tensions; the first tension is that between the libraries aim to promote equality and freedom for the individual and at the same time to fulfil certain collective interests and goals.

AbstractSwedish tuition for immigrants (SFI) is a public adult education program in Sweden that was created in order to provide the immigrants with basic skills in Swedish. People with different backgrounds speaking different languages learn together how they should communicate in Swedish, both orally and in writing. For those who teach SFI it is important to know which factors have positive effects on the Swedish language acquisition. One of the questions to be asked is if the learning materials´ genre has any effect on the SFI students´ proficiency, in particular, oral proficiency. Scientists as von Franz, Vygotskiy and Bettelheim argued that fairy tales, as a genre consciously or subconsciously recognizable by all the people, present texts that are easy to acqiure.

En människas språkutveckling är fantastiskt. Trots avsaknad av formell utbildning blir de flesta barn på några få år goda språkbrukare. Språket, som är ett abstrakt och komplicerat symbolsystem, utvecklas och förfinas hos de flesta av oss utan att vi egentligen vet eller reflekterar över hur det går till. Ändå har på senare år personal i skolor och förskolor signalerat att man känner oro över barns språk. En del barn har börjat första klass utan att ha de språkkunskaper som behövs för att klara undervisningen.

Sammanfattning Detta examensarbete utreder hur elektronisk fakturering förhåller sig till traditionell fakturering, samt hur traditionell elektronisk fakturering i form av traditionell Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), kan påverkas av märkspråket XML eller eXtensible Markup Language som det står för. Under utrednings gång har vi stött på vissa motgångar. Motgångarna bestod av att ämnet vi valt att belysa, XML i faktureringssystem, var alldeles för nytt för att genom intervjuer kunna bevisa vår hypotes. XML används helt enkelt inte inom elektronisk fakturering på det sätt vi förutsatt. Vi har därför löst problemet genom att jämföra XML med de traditionella EDI metoderna med hjälp av artikel - och litteratur studier, samt förlitat oss på vad de företag vi intervjuat har gett för svar. I vår bakgrundsinformation har vi beskrivit hur XML fungerar och hur dess bakgrund ser ut. Vi har även beskrivit vilka tillämpningar XML kan användas på, samt beskrivit fakturering, både hur den kan ske manuellt dvs.

Abstract In the contemporary world of information technology you find a multitude of applications and systems covering a broad spectrum of areas of need in different companies. One effect of this multitude of programs is the difficulty to make them exchange information with each other or to collaborate, since they are developed by different programming languages for different platforms, with different standards and different data formats. Our aim with this work is to describe how it is possible to tie these programs together to make them actually communicate with each other in order to exchange information, share their native methods and also to become a part of the overall business processes. In this integration task you will, among other things, find different levels of application integration such as data level, method level, application interface level and user interface level integration. Application integration also involves hardware components, called middleware, that facilitate the physical connection between applications. There is a range of different middleware products offered today on the market.

AbstractSwedish tuition for immigrants (SFI) is a public adult education program in Sweden that was created in order to provide the immigrants with basic skills in Swedish. People with different backgrounds speaking different languages learn together how they should communicate in Swedish, both orally and in writing. For those who teach SFI it is important to know which factors have positive effects on the Swedish language acquisition. One of the questions to be asked is if the learning materials´ genre has any effect on the SFI students´ proficiency, in particular, oral proficiency. Scientists as von Franz, Vygotskiy and Bettelheim argued that fairy tales, as a genre consciously or subconsciously recognizable by all the people, present texts that are easy to acqiure.

The aim of this Master's thesis is to study whether bibliometrics can serve as a method to analyse the humanities.To investigate this a literature study was conducted that examined previous studies concerning bibliometrics and the humanities. Furthermore a bibliometric analysis of comparative literature was carried out. These research findings were then further examined through the perspective of theories on intellectual and social organization of the scienceThe bibliometrical study includes 38 literature journals (11 855 articles in total) which were downloaded from ISI's Web of Science. The material was analysed by using co-citation analysis and co-word analysis. The results of the study are presented in five co-citation maps.

Romanization as a method in the bibliographic environment makes retrieval difficult in many aspects. The object of this thesis is to illustrate the importance and the possibility to include non-Roman script in the records of the library catalogue. The questions at issue are about the consequences of romanization, the technical requirements for implementing non-Roman script, and bibliographical resources that have been developed during the last 20 years. The thesis is based on a literature study and correspondence with people who are familiar with the subject. The thesis points out that Romanization causes information to be distorted in various ways and is inconsistent with the requirements of exactitude in bibliographic control.