Platta på mark är en av de vanligaste grundkonstruktionerna i Sverige idag, där ett stortproblem är uppkomsten av oönskade sprickor. En vanlig orsak till att betongplattor spricker ärförhindrad krympning på grund av tvång. För platta på mark är det undergrund, plintar ochvoter som skapar tvånget i plattan då den fria krympningen delvis blir förhindrad av denfriktion som skapas mellan konstruktion och undergrund. Det har länge antagits att tvånget ien platta på mark ökar med plattstorleken, men storleken på ökningen har varit okänd. Syftetmed detta arbete är att med hjälp av FEM-analys ta reda på vilket tvång som bildas i en plattapå mark på grund av gradientkrympning för olika undergrunder.För att kunna verifiera resultaten från FEM-analysen har två olika program används,Cervenka Consultings Atena och StruSofts FEM-design.

En betydande del av dagens bostadsbyggnadsprojekt i Sverige sker på mark som vid projektinitieringen ägs av en kommun. Den kommunala marken utgör därmed något av en grundbult för många av de bostäder som produceras. Detta är inget nytt fenomen. Det kommunala markinnehavet har i över hundra år fungerat som ett plan- och bostadspolitiskt instrument och i olika omfattningar styrt såväl bostädernas geografiska spridning som produktionsvolym. Förfarandet då en kommun fördelar sin mark ? säljer eller upplåter med tomträtt ? till privata eller allmännyttiga byggherrar brukar vanligen benämnas ?markanvisning?.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utföra en kvalitativ analys av kommunernas markanvisningssystem utifrån ett byggherreperspektiv och försöka besvara följande frågeställningar:? Upplever byggherrarna skillnader mellan olika kommuners markanvisningssystem?? Hur uppfattar byggherrarna att markanvisningssystemet fungerar överlag?? Är uppfattningarna olika beroende av antalet markanvisningar som en byggherre tilldelats?Dessa grundläggande frågeställningar har belysts med hjälp av en enkät till 237 byggherrar som varit aktiva ? dvs.

Abstract The accident in 1986 at the nuclear power station in Chernobyl, Ukraine, dispersed radioactive cesium over large areas of Europe. The half life of 137Cs is 30 years and this radionuclide also behaves like potassium, which means that it can easily be taken up by the vegetation or be adsorbed in to the structure of clays, principally illitic clays. When radiocesium decays ionizing radiation is emitted, which is harmful to humans that are exposed, either directly or indirectly through food intake. It is there-fore important to know what happens to the cesium that is dispersed into the environ-ment. In this project a simulation model was constructed to simulate the adsorption and transport of radiocesium in the soil and plant uptake.

 IAS 40 allows two methods of valuation for investment properties, fair value model and cost model. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what drive property companies to disclose their investment properties at fair value. In order to understand their choice, we use accounting choice theory and the three factors this theory describes, information asymmetry, allowing opportunism and agency costs. To answer our purpose, we have from a qualitative approach performed semi-structured interviews with respondents from five of the largest listed property companies in Sweden. The results suggest that firms have chosen the method that is most effective in the valuation of investment properties.

I takt med att jordens befolkning ökar kommer det i framtiden krävas bättre, mer effek­tiva och hållbara begravningskoncept. De nuvarande alternativen har en del oönskade bieffekter som att: vid jordfästning tar graven upp mark under mer eller mindre långtid, på begravningsplatser sker utsläpp till mark och grundvatten av organiska och oorganiska ämnen, vid kremering sker utsläpp av luftföroreningar, samt i enlighet med den nu gällande Begravningslagen (1990:1144) så samlas metallresterna som blir över i askan ihop och jordfästs på kyrko­gård. I Sverige uppgår dessa metallrester till 22 ton per år.För att komma tillrätta med situationen tillsatte regeringen i Sverige den 29 november 2012 en särskild utredare. Utredaren kom i sitt betänkande fram till att man bör börja återvinna metallerna som blir över efter en kremation om det kan göras etiskt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt korrekt samt att nya begravningsmetoder bör kunna användas i framtiden efter att de granskats och godkänts.Genomförda intervjuer, enkätundersökning samt litteraturgenomgång visade på att det finns en negativ miljöpåverkan från de nuvarande begravningsmetoderna, det finns en skepsis mot nya begravningsmetoder, en majoritet av de som deltog i undersökningarna är för återvinning av metaller efter kremering. .

Purpose: We will understand and explain Dell?s value gap through an extended intellectual capital theory. This will be done by deriving the value to the different parts of the intellectual capital value scheme. We will also use value scheme to describe the ongoing strategy shift. Methodology: The qualitative method and an abductive reasoning have been employed during the progress.

As a consequence of the exports of Saab AB?s airplane 39 Gripen the departmentFATPA has grown and developed substantially in a short period of time. With the aim toclearly define and describe the establishment and its new work procedures and routines,which are meant to be applied after the turn of the year 2005/2006, FATPA is aiming todevelop a management model which will contain the above. The purpose of themanagement model is to describe how the department FATPA wants to work, especiallywith consideration to the department?s management.

The purpose of this paper is to give examples of different ways of economic planning and calculation within agriculcture. My aim is to use a couple of them as an explanation of a case from reality. My choice went to budgetsimulation and balanced scorecard since those are best suited in this specific case. In the information retrieval I present different instruments of economic planning like theory of cost, budget and productcalculation. The budgetsimulation describes how to use the different methods in a long term economic planning. The balanced scorecard is also a model of longand short-term planning but besides the economy planning it?s also a reminder of your personal goals. In the model I have used a dairyfarm as a case.

Changes in the workplace have led to new ways of organizing and structuring organizations. Organizations? desire to increase competitiveness, efficiency and flexibility has resulted in new conditions in the field of human resources. The new conditions have also created new roles and changing responsibilities for those working within human resources.The purpose of this study was to investigate how the implementation of Ulrich's model for HR transformation can impact on the human resource departments managerial support to first-line managers in the municipality of Uppsala. Today the municipality of Uppsala organizes its human resources based on the Ulrich's model, which divides the work into the units service center, the expert unit and business partners.

The aim of this essay is to examine if the attitudes and the experiences of Ability Grouping are the same on different levels of the school organisation.I have chosen to answer the following two questions:· Have the teachers, the students and the headmaster the same idea concerning the educational model at the school, that is, the pros and cons of Ability Grouping?· Does the intentions of the curriculum agree with this educational model?I knew what I thought about the educational model at the school that is the object of this essay, after spending ten weeks at it as a trainee, but I felt that I would be interesting to know what the people who are part of that system everyday think about it.In order to be able to answer my questions, I used both the qualitative and the quantitative method. I interviewed the headmaster and five teachers to find out what they thought about Ability Grouping. I also distributed inquiries to 70 students from 6th to 9th grade to get their point of view. In the theoretical discussion I explain the meaning of different conceptions that I use throughout this essay.

In this master thesis a robot arm belonging to an automatic milking machine from DeLaval is investigated. The robot arm is controlled by a pneumatic cylinder and a valve. The goal of the master thesis is to investigate instability problems and to find out if it is possible to solve them by using gain scheduling. Gain scheduling is a type of controller where the parameters of the controller are changed during operation, for example depending on the working point. First a nonlinear mathematical model of the system was made.

A growing number of cities and municipalities in Sweden begin to work with city models in 3D. For the most part the models are used for visualizations of ongoing planning processes, but also for the analysis of noise, shadow studies and environmental disaster simulations.Gothenburg continues to develop the use of 3D maps in municipal operations and is demanding a way to create building elements (walls), which generates in 3D buildings, from roof constructions that are mapped from the primary map. A method has been investigated in the present study. The results are then presented as a 3D model of buildings, along with a terrain map that will facilitate the localization of the area. The created 3D buildings are then compared with roof-data from the primary map to see how well they harmonize with each other.

This thesis work was made for Södra Cell Mörrums bruk in Blekinge. The purpose of the work was to develop a computer model in the simulation program Extend for the removal and balance of organic oxygen consuming substances, measured as COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), in the new biological treatment plant in the mill. The plant produces two different pulp products, TCF- (Totally Chlorine Free) pulp and ECF- (Elementary Chlorine Free) pulp, for sale. The different bleaching procedures affect the characteristic of the wastewater and thus the effectiveness of the biological treatment plant.In the model that was developed the COD in the wastewater was divided into five different COD-fractions: soluble easily degradable (SS), soluble hardly degradable (SR), soluble inert (SI), particulate inert (XI) and particulate biomass (XB). To create the model FlowMac? was used as a base.

In this paper the possibilities to replace metal with plastic in products for the building industry were looked into. The first part was a market examination where several suitable products were found. After evaluation the door latch for in-house doors was selected to be re-designed to better suit the properties of plastic.New types of mechanisms were designed with different functions that use the benefits of plastic materials. Models of these mechanisms were developed to evaluate their function. The components in the different mechanisms were adapted for manufacturing with injection moulding.To confirm that the plastic material could handle the appearing stresses calculations on the most vulnerable parts were carried out.

This thesis should be regarded as an integrated research synthesis. The purpose has been to analyse how the literary sociologist Lars Furulands model the literary process correlates in relation to todays book market for fiction. The central problem has been: In what different ways can some of the main actors featuring in Furulands model of the literary process use, produce or provide copyright protected works of fiction which are electronically distributed? Three questions have been considered to penetrate this problem: In what different ways can to judge from some projects which have been carried through at common public libraries electronic works of fiction be provided to their presumed readers? What reasons could there be as it appears in a number of texts that four Swedish authors have chosen to disseminate their works of fiction by the aid of the Internet? Which main functions may, according to current research, be supported by electronic media in connection with editing and retail of fiction? During this study a picture of two quite disconnected processes of publication has materialized. These processes seem to proceed parallelly to each other, without any close contact, in a traditional respectively an electronic circuit.