Introduction: In January 2005, a nationwide mandatory bicycle helmet law for children under the age of 15 was introduced in Sweden. In the current study, the effect of this law was evaluated by analyzing national trends in hospital admissions due to bicycle-related head injuries during the period 1998-2011.Methods: An interrupted time-series design with segmented regression analysis was used to evaluate the intervention effect on head injuries as a percentage of all injuries (%HI) among cyclists in age- and sex-specific groups. Effect was measured as a change in level and/or slope of the trend at the time of legislation.Results: A total of 35261 cyclists (0-54 years) were hospitalized due to a bicycle injury during the study period. Linear regression analyses of the entire study period (not segmented) showed significant year-to-year decreases in the %HI of 1.3-1.7% in all age and sex-specific groups (p < .0001). Results from the segmented regression analysis showed that, at the time of legislation, a significant drop in level occurred among males under 15 years (-4.5% [95% CI: -7.7% to -1.3%], p = .01) and a significant change in slope occurred among females aged 30-54 years (-1.6% [95% CI: -2.9% to -0.2%], p = .025).Conclusions: The law seems to have had an effect on males in the target population (<15 years).

I en föränderlig omvärld är det nödvändigt att företag och organisationer som vill delta i samhällets utveckling, ser över sin kompetens, både den individuella och organisatoriska. Företag måste börja se individuell kompetens som sin viktigaste tillgång och förutsättning för utveckling. Det ställs högre krav på självständighet, flexibilitet, lärande och samarbete.Syfte: Vårt syfte är att inom ramen för en organisation analysera individuella utvecklingsmöjligheter i den ordinarie verksamheten.Metod: Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ ansats för att uppnå vårt syfte. Vår empiriska undersökning har gjorts på ett företag som vi i uppsatsen benämner "företaget".Resultat och slutsatser: Under studiens gång fann vi olika faktorer som kan vara kompetensutvecklande för individen i sin ordinarie verksamhet. Vi fann att intervjupersonerna hade ett stort handlingsutrymme.

Det bör vara möjligt att skapa verktyg för att beskriva scenarion och med hjälp av tillgänglig mjukvara för visualisering kunna spela upp både verkliga och simulerad bilddata. Detta examensarbete beskriver hur några sådana verktyg tagits fram. Till förfogande fanns en stor mängd bilddata, insamlad på ett militärt övningsområde som dessutom finns representerad som en syntetisk omvärldsmodell. Insamlingen gjordes med en UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)- prototyp, som var utrustad med videokamera, IR-kamera och tröghetsnavigeringssystem. För att simulerad bilddata skulle få ett verklighetstroget intryck placerades markfordon ut i den syntetiska modellen på exakt samma position som under fältförsöken. Markfordonens position mättes in med DGPS och UAV:ns hastighet, position och rotation bestäms med GPS och tröghetsnavigeringssystem. Resultatet, i form av lagrad tröghetsnavigerings- och sensorstyrnings-data, ges efter en Kalmanfiltrering och blir vanligtvis noggrannare än vad som erhålls från de respektive delsystemen. Tyngdpunkten i arbetet låg i att ta fram Matlab-funktioner som plockar ut rätt vy vid rätt tidpunkt och åskådliggör detta på ett tydligt sätt, samt att placera ut markfordonen enligt de givna koordinaterna.

Due to increasing regulations regarding new diesel vehicles particulate matteremissions the new Scania truck, Scania Euro 6, has been equipped with a particulatefilter. This component effectively stores the particles in the exhaust gas but must becleaned in order to prevent itself from clogging. The filter is cleaned through aprocess named regeneration which is a thermodynamic process in which thetemperature of the filter is raised through fuel supplied to the exhaust gas.The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the development of improved controlstrategies of the temperature during the regeneration process through thedevelopment of model-based controllers. These controllers are designed in order tohave good performance in stationary as well as automatic regeneration.In order to develop these model-based controllers a model of the system isconstructed. The model is described as a linear thermodynamic grey-box model withflow varying parameters, showing good results in validation.The model provides a simulation environment during the controller design, which isfocused around the development of linear regulators with the exhaust gas mass flowas a scheduling variable whose size determines controllers? mode of operation.

 Bakgrund: Personer som har ett riskbruk av alkohol har en måttligt förhöjd risk för sjukdom, sänkt livskvalitet och förtida död. Vid riskbruk ökar risken för att utveckla alkoholmissbruk. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT] är ett frågeformulär för att screena överdrivet alkoholdrickande. Socialstyrelsen rekommenderar rådgivning vid skadlig alkoholkonsumtion, t.ex. kort rådgivning.Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva betydelsen av sjuksköterskans alkoholspecifika screening och rådgivning till vuxna personer som har ett riskbruk eller missbruk av alkohol.Metod: Studien var en systematisk litteraturstudie.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the attitudes towards the labour movement?s strategies, goals and organisational issues in Swedish Miners? Union?s (Gruvindustriarbetareförbundet, hereafter Gruv) paper, Gruvarbetaren 1917-1925.The theoretical starting point is Engels? view on the class state. This perspective turns the question of socialism and the way to get there into an issue of working class power over the state. Another theoretical perspective is the partition of the labour movement into a trade-unionistic branch, seeing unions as financial organisations of interest, and a pro-state one, considering unions as political organisations.During the period investigated Gruvarbetaren was quite radical and advocated a firm class struggle strategy towards employers. Since these were considered unreliable, class struggle was seen as the only way to better the conditions for the working class.

Bakgrund: Internet har sedan dess introduktion utnyttjats för dess massiva potential som marknadsföringsverktyg. Utvecklingen har gått mot sofistikerade interaktiva marknadsfö­ringssystem vars främsta mål är att styra trafik på internet. Trafikstyrningsbranschen på in­ternet omsatte ca 6,5 miljarder dollar år 2006 globalt och förväntas växa kraftigt. Denna studie ämnar undersöka problematik som har identifierats i aktuella rättsfall vid intäktsre­dovisning från trafikstyrningssystem. Risk kan föreligga främst genom manipulation av in­formation och transaktioner.

Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years in China. Written documents concerning veterinary acupuncture has been found dated around 650 B.C. Acupuncture has gained greater acceptance in the western world the last decades and many countries have established their own veterinary acupuncture organizations. Many studies report good results after acupuncture treatment and back pain in horses is considered a good indication for acupuncture treatment. In studies published, the results are subjectively evaluated. To get a qualitative, scientific evaluation of acupuncture treatment, objective measurements, control groups and statistical analysis are needed. This pilot study presents a case where acupuncture has been used for treatment in a horse that was diagnosed with back pain.

The governance and control of healthcare organizations has traditionally been run byprofessions inside the organization (Fölster et al., 2003). During the last decades Swedishhealthcare has undergone an institutional transformation where the governance has changedfrom professional governance to a more market like one (Sahlin-Andersson, 2006). Governingof healthcare can however be problematic as professional work is characterized by a highlevel of autonomy and tacit knowledge (cf. Tsoukas, 1997, Freidson, 2001). An expression ofthe new kind of governance is the annually published report ?Öppna jämförelser av hälso- ochsjukvårdens kvalitet och effektivitet?.

Revisionsplikten har under en längre tid varit ett väldiskuterat ämne i Europa där störst fokus har legat på huruvida revisionen ska vara frivillig eller inte. Idag har det gått mer än två år sedan lagen om avskaffad revisionsplikt trädde i kraft vilket gör det möjligt att studera avskaffandets effekter ur olika perspektiv som till exempel de små aktiebolagens perspektiv, skatteverkets perspektiv och kreditgivarnas perspektiv. Fokus för denna studie är revisorernas perspektiv och hur de har påverkats av lagändringen.Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att beskriva och analysera revisorers förväntningar kring avskaffandet av revisionsplikten för att sedan kunna jämföra hur dessa förväntningar stämmer överens med utfallet efter att lagen trätt i kraft. Syftet med uppsatsen är även att beskriva och analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar effekterna av utfallet.För att nå fram till ett resultat har en abduktiv ansats med en kvalitativ metod använts för denna studie. Studien utgår ifrån befintlig teori och vetenskapliga studier. Teorier som har använts är agentteorin, professionsteorin, komfortteorin, legitimitetsteorin och den institutionella teorin samt förväntningsgapet.Det empiriska materialet grundar sig på åtta intervjuer med revisorer från olika revisionsbyråer i Kristianstadsområdet med omnejd. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån en jämförelse mellan förväntningar och utfall av revisionspliktens avskaffande. Analysen påvisade att påverkansfaktorn byråstorlek hade den största påverkan på förväntningarna i förhållande till utfallet samt att endast en del av förväntningar stämde överens med det faktiska utfallet.  .

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between non-audited and audited sustainability reports and in that way indicate the significance of auditing to the contents of a sustainability report. The study was delimited to include three companies that create sustainability reports according to GRI guidelines, and also have changed from non-audited to audited reports.The study is an exploratory study where we started from companies that follow GRI's standard and who have changed from being non-assured to assured and certified. In order to examine any differences we have started out from corporate sustainability reports and with the basis of these latter gather those changes which may have occurred during the changeover. We therefore chose to conduct a literature review on each company's non-audited sustainability reports and compare them with each company's audited and certified sustainability reports. Furthermore our study has been made on the basis of an assessment model based on the concepts of materiality, completeness and comparability.The study showed that the audited sustainability reports in all companies were more focused and more detailed about the aspects GRI established for the performance indicators.

Background and Problem definition: Atypical employment is something that has becomeincreasingly common in recent decades, these are defined as positions where no relationship is of thetraditional type in which the employee has a long term relationship with the employer and where hecarries out his work at the premises of the employer. These atypical employments can take variousforms, it can be fixed term contracts, project work or jobs in employment agencies and so on. Thestaffing sector in Sweden has grown rapidly since the 90s, and since international research shows thatthe three-way relationship arising from the use of staffing agencies may lead to challenges in differentparts of HRM, we have chosen to study this topic.Aim: The purpose of this paper is to describe and understand how HRM is handled in atypicalemployment relationships.Method: The epistemological starting point for this work is hermeneutics, as a result of this theresearch approach is qualitative and inspired by abduction. The authors have chosen to carry out thework as a case study of three primary cases, each one consisting of an employment agency, a clientorganization and an employee. The analysis is based on the hermeneutics principles of interpretationand concentration of meaning.Results: What emerged as central to how HRM is handled are the interdependencies that existbetween the business environment and the strategies of the firm, how they affect different parts ofHRM and how participation and liminality have an impact on the three-way relationship.Keywords: HRM, atypical employment, staffing agencies, three-way relationship and strategy..

The structural rationalization of rural firms in Sweden has led to many new creative ways of developing companies. The agriculture sector is characterized by the need of capital in form of buildings, labor and inventory. The rationalization process has led to free capacity in rural firms when new technology make buildings and inventory not longer necessary for the production process. To get a better cost coverage this free capacity can be used to start-up new business areas that help the rural firm to growth.The study aims to identify factors that motives entrepreneurs in rural firms to develop new business areas. The purpose is also to analyze driving forces that lies behind development of rural firms and the forces that support or not support development in rural firms.The study is built upon five cases that all can be categorized as firms with different size and orientation.

The aim of this paper is to examine the capacity for ethical reasoning of Swedish certi-fied auditors in the five largest accounting firms in Stockholm, and also how ethics courses affect the auditors' ability to ethically statement. To calculate the auditors ability to ethical statement, questionnaire has been used. The questionnaire is based on a psychological instrument, the so-called Defining Issues Test. At the beginning of the questionnaire some questions are asked about the ethics courses. From the questionnaire a calculation was made of an average index called p-score (Principled score).

This is a report for our thesis that was conducted as a conclusion of our bachelor degree in Business engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The work is done in cooperation with the firm Navigate Consulting Business Solutions AB.They have their leading expertise in Oracle E-Business Suite and has previously chosen to implement Oracle EBS R12. The modules that are planned to be implemented are general ledger (GL), accounts payable (AP), accounts receivable (AR), project module (PA), purchases, and CRM. For a consulting company like Navigate, it is particularly important to have a simple and effective time reporting process. We were therefore asked to provide new tabs with a decision-making process to determine if Oracle Time & Labor (OTL) is a useful time tracking system for their business.In order to achieve the company´s aim and objective we decided to follow a development method with five different phases.