The purpose of zoos has changed over the decades. From being menageries where wealthy people showed their collections of exotic animals to today?s zoos where science, conservation and education has become a central part of their work. Education in zoos gives them the opportunity to spread the knowledge about ecology, biology and biodiversity to the general public. Their aim is to change the public?s attitudes towards our wildlife and raise awareness about the threats that exists against our planets biodiversity.

The survival of hatchery reared smolts is generally low after release. To get a better understanding of what variables affecting migration success, Atlantic salmon smolts were studied during their out-migration in the old river channel in the lower part of river Umeälven. The area consists of shifting habitat and complex structures which causes difficulties for smolt on their migration out to sea. The aim of this study was to try to determine the effects of feed restriction, fin conditions and different physical barriers in the river, on the migratory behavior of Atlantic salmon smolts in the river Umeälven. The river was divided into six different sections using acoustic receivers strategically deployed along the river. Two-year old hatchery-reared smolts (n=150), in three different weight classes, were tagged with acoustic transmitters.

Local differentiation may occur during a short period of time and is part of the formation of new species. The isopod Asellus aquaticus is an example of a species in which local adaptation has occurred during a short period of time. An establishment of stonewort (Chara spp.) vegetation in Lake Tåkern (in the 2000) resulted in two different Asellus ecotypes; a lighter pigmented, smaller one that lives among stoneworts grazing periphytic algae, and a darker, larger ecotype that feeds on decaying leaves in reed (Phragmites australis vegetation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there are differences in growth between ecotypes, depending on whether the food was periphytic algae or leaves, and to study the choice of substrates between the two food types. For the study, animals from both habitats were brought in from Lake Tåkern to the laboratory.

Häcken är ofta ett självklart och naturligt element i en trädgård. Som trädgårds-ingenjör kan det vara svårt att välja en lämplig häck till ett gestaltningsförslag. Det krävs att vi tar hänsyn till flera parametrar, både för att häcken ska trivas men också för att kunden ska bli nöjd. Det kan därför ta mycket tid att leta upp en häck som uppfyller alla krav och önskemål som finns, tid man oftast inte har. Syftet med det här arbetet är att studera lämpliga arter för häckar till villaträdgårdar i det småländska inlandet. Arbetet har gjorts med hjälp av litteraturstudier samt intervjuer med plantskolor.

Background: Moral distress is an increasing concern among nurses in their workplace. Previous research has suggested that moral distress is associated with ethical climate and job dissatisfaction. Economic restraints in the organization have led to loss of nurses from the workplace. Aim: To examine nurses experience of moral distress and their causes. Method: The study was a literature review. Twelve articles were used in the study.

 Background: Euthanasia means help to die. Some terminally ill patients wish for euthanasia. Purpose: Illuminating terminally ill patients' desire for voluntary euthanasia. Method: A general literature study. Seven articles were reviewed and analyzed.

In using a qualitative method have I interviewed six women and six men taking care of their wives respectively husbands suffering from physical disease, disfunction or demental disease. The purpose was to find out whether male and female caretakers were differently influenced in their situation, relationship and in their partners, when they became caretakers of their spouse, depending on what the partner suffered from.The results showed that, when a husband or wife was hit by disease or disfunction, the caretaker was influenced both in the partners situation, the relationship and the role towards the partner. The couple still lived in a close relationship and could communicate. For the carers spouse suffered from a demental disease, there was no communication as before or possibility to remember. The carers also felt the loss of community, nearness and sympathy.

Rävsta naturreservat omfattar ett fragmenterat landskap som är mycket variationsrikt. När en skötselplan ska upprättas i ett sådant område är det viktigt att se till de hot som frag-menteringen medför som till exempel: för små habitat med för liten tillgång till resurser, avklippta spridningsvägar och kanteffekter. En ny skötselplan ska upprättas för reservatet under 2010 och det här arbetet syftar till att föreslå en modell som inriktar sig på att mot-verka de negativa effekterna som fragmentering har på den biologiska mångfalden. För att hitta de naturvärden som finns i området i nuläget har inventeringsdata från olika källor gåtts igenom. Data på arter som antingen är rödlistade eller indikerar höga naturvärden sammanställdes i olika grupper beroende på vilken naturtyp de är knutna till.

What makes a Swede betake himself into the Chinese wilderness? How does the Rio Convention influence a plant collector? And who will crack the nut positioned 12 meters up in the crown of a tree? There are many secrets behind the act of collecting plants. In many regards, the documentation of the collection of plants for a Swedish purpose has been unsatisfactory. The focus of the publications is on what plant species that have been found rather than information on how these plants have been collected. Only few results of experimental cultivation are available. There is no doubt that there exists knowledge that has not been publicised yet.

Djurparker är idag stora attraktionsmoment samt arbetar också med bevarandearbeten. För att lyckas med ett bevarandeprojekt krävs det att djuren bibehåller sitt artspecifika beteende även i fångeskap vilket kräver ett bra hägn med tydliga mål. Det europeiska lodjuret är ett relativt populärt djur i djurparker i denna del av världen, och är än så länge inte hotade. Dock gör minskade habitat, avskjutning samt förändringar i bytestillgång att lodjurspopulationen minskar. På Skansen hålls två lodjur, en hona och en hane, i treårsåldern tillsammans i ett hägn.

The emphasize of this study is to evaluate security issues for home users having a personal computer connected to the Internet. It focus on the usage of advantages and disadvantages when using a firewall while connected to the Internet. The hypothesis is that it gives a better protection to install and use a firewall compared not to do so, due to security flaws in the operating system. The prediction was tested on a home user's personal computer. The testwork was divided into two major tests, each of them performed with, respectively without, a firewall. These major tests were divided into five smaller semi­ tests. The first semi­test without a firewall suffered from a virus or worm attack resulting in loss of data and log files.

The emphasize of this study is to evaluate security issues for home users having a personal computer connected to the Internet. It focus on the usage of advantages and disadvantages when using a firewall while connected to the Internet. The hypothesis is that it gives a better protection to install and use a firewall compared not to do so, due to security flaws in the operating system. The prediction was tested on a home user's personal computer. The testwork was divided into two major tests, each of them performed with, respectively without, a firewall.

In two feeding experiments Bacillus induced priming of plant defense was tested for its effect against the generalist insect pest Spodoptera littoralis. The main hypothesis for the study was that Bacillus induced priming would enable the plant Arabidopsis thaliana to defend itself better against this insect herbivore since this priming seems to involve jasmonic acid, known to be important for plant defense to insects. A secondary objective of the study was to examine if any differences in a primed defense capability could be seen between different natural genetic variants (ecotypes) of A. thaliana reflecting habitat differences in pest pressure. The methods used for plant cultivation and Bacillus inoculation were aimed at reflecting conditions that can be expected in an agricultural cropping system. This meant that all plants were cultivated in soil, and the feeding experiments were conducted with the plants growing intact in the soil system.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the use and losses of energy in an existing older building. Another purpose was also to look through various options for heating systems with renewable energy in the building. The aim was to reduce the use and losses of energy. The first step was to study the related electricity bills of the building and also perform measurements and calculations of the building envelope and ventilation. The next step was to find out the possible actions for energy saving by performing measurements and calculations.

Fetma och övervikt är ett allt mer vanligt problem över hela världen och därav ökar även överviktskirurgin. Gastric bypass är den vanligaste metoden i Sverige och ses som ett redskap för viktminskning. För att bibehålla viktminskningen spelar andra faktorer än operationen en roll hos patienterna. Studiens syfte var att finna framgångsfaktorer vid en bibehållen viktminskning postoperativt. Metoden var av fenomenologisk narrativ karaktär och datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av intervjuer.