The health care formulation of the principle of autonomy can be expressed as follows; ?you shall not treat a patient without the informed consent of the patient, or his or her lawfulsurrogate, except in narrowly defined emergencies?. The principle of beneficence refers to a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. In heath care, the good or benefit in question is the restoration of the health of the patient. In fulfilling this obligation of beneficence, the physician sometimes intentionally overrides the patient?s preferences or actions for the purpose of benefiting the patient.

High heels ? a fashion that has not gone out of style after hundreds of years. Despite their esthetic advantages, high heels become uncomfortable and harmful after repetitive and long term use. With this as a starting point, Huyen Nguyen ? a student at the Innovation Engineering Program at the University of Halmstad ? decided to make a final thesis project. The project goal has been to combine the esthetic advantages of high heels and bring a comfortable solution to the equation.

Medicinering vid sjukdomstillstånd i det främre segmentet av ögat hos häst är ofta tidskrävande och komplicerat för djurägaren. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om ett nytt tekniskt hjälpmedel, en spiral som kallas OphthaCoil, fungerar för långtidsmedicinering hos häst. Två olika designer på spiraler utvärderades. Efter en ögonundersökning placerades en spiral i nedre konjunktivalsäcken och hästen observerades till dess spiralen trillade ur. Resultaten visar att ingen av de använda designerna låg kvar tillräckligt länge för att kunna användas för en längre tids behandling.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the term equableness in the Swedish elementary school with a take-off point in the free school reform from 1992. This essay starts with the political background of the terms equableness and freedom of choice and the official governmental guidelines. Research from Bo Malmberg and Gabriel Sahlgren act as a framework for the whole essay as their theories are tested. The main problem is presented as the question: is the debated concern regarding a lowered equableness since 1992 justifiable? Both researchers define equableness as a difference in grades but undertake a collective versus a more individual approach.

Regardless of what discipline nurses work in, wound care is one of the tasks. Caring for wounds involves early detection of signs of infection, in order to avoid complication. Wound infection extends suffering for the patient and causes unnecessary costs for society. The aim was to describe how nurses can identify infection in wounds. Method: The design of the study was a literature review, where13 scientific articles were examined and analyzed.

BACKGROUND: The nurse profession is nursing care and that includes leading and educate co-worker. In north-east Skåne a nurse started a study circle about pain for nursing staff at housing for elderly. AIM: The aim of this study was to understand the nursing staffs understanding about the study circle as a resource for their work with analgesia among elderly after participating in the same. METHOD: A qualitative approach was used and collecting data was done by a semi-structured focus group interview and two individual semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed by content analyses.

Bakgrund: Smärta är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till att människor söker akut vård. Adekvat smärtbedömning är förutsättningen för god smärtbehandling. Syfte: Att belysa resultatet av sjuksköterskans användande av smärtskattningsinstrument för bedömning av akut smärta hos vuxna patienter på akutmottagning. Metod: Litteraturstudie med ett systematiskt arbetssätt. Resultat: Val av smärtskattningsinstrument: VAS och NRS är tillförlitliga instrument för att bedöma akut smärta.

Germany has experienced low birth rates ever since the 1970s when they fell below the replacement levels of 2,1 children per woman. Since then, their birth rate has been around 1,5 children per woman, which has caused an overall aging population. The consequences of the declining birth rates is that the previous generations are becoming larger than the younger generations. This demographic shift raises concern about how its potential implications might affect different aspects of the country and its economy overall. The aim of this paper is to try to discern the dynamic between the share of the labor force in relation to total population, with the share of pensioners in relation to the total population.

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, with significantimplications for the financial stability of insurance markets. This study analyses how nature-related insurancepayouts and required solvency capital may develop over the period 2025?2099 under three emissions scenarios: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, and what this means for the long-term sustainability of insurance as an economic institution. Using Monte Carlo simulation of a non-homogeneous Cram?r-Lundberg model, claimfrequency is modelled as a negative binomial process calibrated against SMHI's climate projections, and claimsizes are approximated by a lognormal distribution fitted to Swedish insurance data (NATY, 2015?2023).The results show that accumulated insurance payouts amount to SEK 96.7 billion under RCP 2.6, SEK 106.0billion under RCP 4.5 and SEK 131.9 billion under RCP 8.5.

Regardless of what discipline nurses work in, wound care is one of the tasks. Caring for wounds involves early detection of signs of infection, in order to avoid complication. Wound infection extends suffering for the patient and causes unnecessary costs for society. The aim was to describe how nurses can identify infection in wounds. Method: The design of the study was a literature review, where13 scientific articles were examined and analyzed.

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, with significantimplications for the financial stability of insurance markets. This study analyses how nature-related insurancepayouts and required solvency capital may develop over the period 2025?2099 under three emissions scenarios: RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, and what this means for the long-term sustainability of insurance as an economic institution. Using Monte Carlo simulation of a non-homogeneous Cram?r-Lundberg model, claimfrequency is modelled as a negative binomial process calibrated against SMHI's climate projections, and claimsizes are approximated by a lognormal distribution fitted to Swedish insurance data (NATY, 2015?2023).The results show that accumulated insurance payouts amount to SEK 96.7 billion under RCP 2.6, SEK 106.0billion under RCP 4.5 and SEK 131.9 billion under RCP 8.5.

Senior citizens require a healthy oral cavity and healthy teeth in order to eat, speak and preserve their well-being. With age we know that the incidence and prevalence of diseases and symptoms originating from the oral cavity are more common compared to younger age groups. Senior citizens are the fastest growing population on earth, thus the need of healthcare providers with knowledge and skills in oral healthcare are in great demand.  The purpose of this thesis is to identify oral healthcare interventions and educational interventions which have been shown to improve oral health of residents over 65 years of age.  A literature review was conducted in which 15 scientific articles were scrutinized. Databases used were PubMed, Cinahl and Scopus. The results imply that good oral healthcare not only improve the oral health of senior citizens, but also prevents the occurrence of other diseases such as pneumonia and  improve the overall quality of life.

The globalisation of the world is believed by some to homogenise individuals from different national cultures. However, the values and norms of an individual are deeply rooted in their national culture and are therefore difficult to change. Since birth these values and norms are learnt through interaction with others within a specific national culture. The differences in values of a national culture are shown in the cornerstones of the nation. These cornerstones are language, aesthetics, religion and social institutions.

Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva blivande och legitimerade sjuksköterskors attityder och uppfattningar i behandlingen av akut smärta hos barn, samt hur blivande och legitimerade sjuksköterskor bedömer sin egen kunskapsnivå i smärthanteringen av barn med akut smärta. Datainsamling gjordes i fulltextdatabaserna ELIN@Dalarna, Blackwell Synergy och EBSCO Host. Sökord var nurse, acute pain, pain, pain management, children, nursing, assessment, pediatric, attitudes, beliefs och knowledge. Studiens resultat bygger på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar. Majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna ansåg att barn tolererar smärta sämre än vuxna och de var endast beredda att acceptera smärta hos barn i samband med mindre procedurer.

The white-backed woodpecker is a forest bird being critically endangered in Sweden. The species is dependent on older forests rich in deciduous trees and dead wood. The main problem for the survival of this species is present shortage of habitat. Conservation work on this umbrella species is at present focused on finding remaining or emerging habitat networks. Large areas are scrutinized in search for suitable habitats to be protected or managed for the species sake.