Parallel import in the European Union is the perfectly legal activity under Art. 28-30 EC of buying goods in a low-price country in order to ship and sell them in a high-price country. The pharmaceutical market in Europe is subject to the subsidiartiy principle of Art. 5 EC and heavily characterised by national regulations that lead to significant price differentials between ? generally speaking ? Northern and Southern Europe.

In some criminal cases, the only existing evidence is the verbal statement of a witness or the plaintiff. The typical example is an alleged rape where victim and perpetrator have had some kind of relation, and their records of the incident differ. In these cases, the assessment of the value of the evidence drawn from the plaintiff's story is of crucial importance. On the one hand, a false positive judgment means that a person is wrongly convicted, on the other hand, a failure to correctly identify a truthful claim of rape means that a victim of a severe crime is left without judicial remedy. That the prosecutor must prove that the crime is committed by the defendant without reasonable doubt, means that there is much more chance of a failure to convict guilty felons, than of the opposite.In the essay, the rules of criminal procedure directed at the evaluation of the verbal statement are identified and critically evaluated from the perspective of how they may or may not facilitate the judgment of a verbal statement presented before the court, either in person, or through other media such as video.

During the later half of the 20th century standard form contracts began to be used more frequently in contract situations. This trend has been consistent and in today?s world numerous commercial parties employ such contracts in their business transactions. The reasons for the extended use of standard form contracts are the benefits that can be obtained for the parties such as time efficiency, effectiveness and price advantages. Standardised contracts often regulate certain issues of the contract for example the way of delivery, remedies and complaints.

Denna studie söker att inventera och identifiera bilder eller framställningar rörande Katolska kyrkan i skolbokslitteratur mellan 1840-2011. Behovet av en sådan inventering har funnits länge och genom denna studie tas en första ansats till att fylla en kunskapslucka om hur skolbokslitteraturen har framställt och hur den framställer Katolska kyrkan. Den metod som har används i denna studie är den tankestruktur klargörande kvalitativa textmetodiken som är en underkategori av en bredare innehållslig idéanalys och resultatet har påvisat att den undersökta skolbokslitteraturen genom åren har framställt Kyrkan som en antagonist gentemot frihet i form av religionsutövning i den äldre litteraturen och gentemot moralisk konsensus i modernare skolbokslitteratur..

By the time the law of preferential right was legislated the purpose of the law was to give all creditors equal rights. The purpose of this master?s thesis is to analyze the law in force and unravel whether the purpose of the law has been fulfilled or not. If a deviation has been made I will decide whether it can be justified.Since 1st of January 2004 the preferential right regarding taxes has been abolished. Since then the claims of the Government do not have any preferential right.

Racial discrimination is a highly topical and burning issue, of special interest in working life. Most researchers agree on that discrimination is a problem in the Swedish labour market. To counteract the ongoing discrimination, a new Anti-Discrimination Act was founded in 1999. The Racial Discrimination Act although appears to be ineffective on the basis of legal usage. Of all the legal cases about racial discrimination in the labour market, there has only been one sentence of guilty stated by the Swedish Labour Court.

The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze laws that completely prohibit abortion through a legal philosophical perspective. To demonstrate that abortion blanket bans cannot be seen as legally legitimate, the author has completed a literature study where she uses Robert Alexy?s ?Concept of Law? to analyze abortion laws both in general, and in Nicaragua in particular.Based upon Alexy?s ?Concept of Law? the author has identified three relevant key elements ? social efficacy, the argument from injustice and correctness of content - which she uses in her analysis. In order to apply these three elements on the total abortion ban, she then uses four different analysis tools - feminist theory, Human Rights, deontology analysis and right analysis. This has enabled a thorough analysis of the total ban on abortion that has demonstrates that such laws cannot be considered legitimate.By highlighting the human rights violations the law entails, one can conclude that the law has a social impact.

The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze laws that completely prohibit abortion through a legal philosophical perspective. To demonstrate that abortion blanket bans cannot be seen as legally legitimate, the author has completed a literature study where she uses Robert Alexy?s ?Concept of Law? to analyze abortion laws both in general, and in Nicaragua in particular.Based upon Alexy?s ?Concept of Law? the author has identified three relevant key elements ? social efficacy, the argument from injustice and correctness of content - which she uses in her analysis. In order to apply these three elements on the total abortion ban, she then uses four different analysis tools - feminist theory, Human Rights, deontology analysis and right analysis. This has enabled a thorough analysis of the total ban on abortion that has demonstrates that such laws cannot be considered legitimate.By highlighting the human rights violations the law entails, one can conclude that the law has a social impact.

The purpose of this Master?s thesis is to investigate the legal practice of valuation in arbitration board proceedings concerning freeze-outs after non-cash take-over bids. We find that the most important method for valuing the shares offered in exchange for the shares of a target company is to take the volume-weighted average of the quoted prices of the shares offered in exchange during the acceptance period of the take-over bid. This thesis is a complement to previous studies by Peter Jennergren (1996) and by Andrea Lundqvist and Victor Ludvigsson (2007) of how the Balken case (a freeze-out case that was eventually decided by the Supreme Court of Sweden, in 1996) has affected the legal practice of valuation in freeze-out arbitration board proceedings. We have undertaken an empirical study of 48 freeze-outs between 1985 and 2006 where shares in the bidding companies were offered in exchange for shares in the target companies.

SummaryUnjustified enrichment is an obvious part of the jurisprudence in the majority of countries in Europe. But not in the Nordic countries, and certainly not in Sweden. This depiction of the Swedish posture is based mostly on Hellner?s thesis from 1950. A lot has happened since then, not to mention Sweden?s entry in to the EU.

Ungdomars alkoholkonsumtion har minskat i hela landet utom för ungdomarna i Skåne. I den senaste genomförda skolundersökningen om ungdomars alkoholvanor i Sverige, rapporterades det att medeltalet konsumerade liter alkohol för åren 2009-2011 är drygt dubbelt så högt i Skåne i jämförelse med resten av landet (Henriksson & Leifman, 2011). Syftet med studien är att undersöka om Malmö i tre olika viktiga indikatorer; tillgång, hälsa och brott, som påverkar eller påverkas av alkohol, skiljer sig från Göteborg och Stockholm. Vi undrar om det hade gått att förutsäga den höga alkoholkonsumtionen. Studien bygger på svensk registerdata och vetenskapliga rapporter som behandlar och kan kopplas till alkoholkonsumtion och problembeteende.

 Pain is common among women undergoing first trimester surgical abortions. At the postoperative unit, department of gynaecology, University Hospital, Uppsala, the goal is that 80 % of the women should rate pain as £ 3 on a numeric rating scale (NRS), when leaving the unit.The aim of the study was to investigate how rating was performed at the unit and to investigate patient?s perceptions of pain after having undergone first trimester surgical abortion.20 patients (74%) participated in the study. Ninety percent of the patients rated their pain as NRS £ 3 when leaving the unit. Seven patients (35 %) rated their pain as NRS > 3 directly after operation, and 2 (10 %) patients NRS > 3 when leaving the unit.

AbstractAccording to 3 § in the Equal Opportunities Act should employer fulfil their commitment to their employees and work targeted for the equality in working life. In the report we account for 3?11 §§ Equal Opportunities Act, in purpose to show employer obligations to work actively work for equality between the sexes. This is the main focus of the article and the answer to one of our issue of law. We have also written about how equality work and how the Equal Opportunities Act has grown up, how it work in today?s society and the thoughts about the future.The growth of equality work, the Equal Opportunities Act and a short history are partially written from European law, the Swedish government official reports and in government bills.

Missfall eller spontan abort förekommer relativt ofta och innebär att fostret avlider och med sammandragningar stöts ut från livmodern innan den anses vara livskraftig. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av missfall. Till detta valdes sju vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativa studier, som analyserades med en manifest innehållsanalys och resultatet av detta blev fyra kategorier: Första reaktionen var chock och kaos, Behov av stöd, bekräftelse och tröst, Känna skuld för missfallet och rädsla för barnlöshet samt Att försonas med förlusten. Resultatet visade att hur kvinnor hanterade graviditetsförlusten berodde på tillgången av relevant stöd i upplevelsen, genom att få förståelse och kunna prata om missfallet kunde kvinnor bearbeta händelsen. Slutsatsen blev att vårdgivare i relationen till kvinnor kunde förse dem med kunskap och information gällande missfall samt erbjuda hjälp för att bearbeta traumat.

I Sverige är abort en laglig rättighet och det finns flera godkända metoder för regelbunden antikonception. Ändå finns ett behov av akutmetoder för att förhindra oönskad graviditet.  Det finns tre godkända akutpreventivmedelsmetoder; levonorgestrel, ulipristal och kopparspiral. Detta arbetes syfte var att undersöka effektivitet och säkerhet för dessa tre godkända metoder. En litteratursökning gjordes i databasen PubMed,  7 artiklar valdes ut för analys. Artikel 1och 2 undersökte levonorgestrels effektivitet och säkerhet och kunde redovisa graviditetsfrekvenser på 0, 57%  och 0,67 % , samt en graviditetsförebyggande effektivitet på 68 %.