Som tandhygienist är det mycket intressant att studera karies-epidemiologiska undersökningar på både nationell och internationell nivå. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva och jämföra kariesstatus (DMFT) hos 12-åringar i Sverige och Irak, och några av de faktorer som kan påverka DMFT komponenternas roll och inverkan. För att besvara syftet användes information från litteratur och tidskrifter samt WHO:s databas om länderna. Resultatet visar att DMFT för 12-åringar i Irak var 1.7 (2003) och i Sverige 1.0 (2005). DT-komponenten, d.v.s. obehandlad karies, var hög hos irakiska barn medan FT- komponenten var hög för danska barn (inga data tillgängliga för Sverige).

This report presents the results of a thesis in which the department PL Hus at Grontmij AB isstudied. The study has been done in order to locate problem areas in order to streamline andimprove the quality of working. The study was done by an engineering student from theDepartment of Industrial Management at KTH on behalf of Grontmij AB. The project extendedover a period of 20 weeks during spring 2011.In addition to the Department itself has two project managers in two different projects beenfollowed. The method used has been participant observation and was used to be able to comeclose to reality and thus find problem areas where there are opportunities for development.Validation was made through comments and opinions from workers at Grontmij AB, afterreading the reports analysis.Based on a system and holistic approach has parallels been drawn to the production systems suchas TPS (Toyota Production System) and lean production.

The consumer society exploits the earth?s resources more than the earth itself has capability to produce. This over-consumption causes a mass production of products, which mean that more greenhouse gases are being emitted to the atmosphere. This is one of the reasons why the earth?s temperature is rising, where the result of it is worldwide disasters.

We are more aware than ever about our impact on the common environment and the world's population. Consumption awareness can be one way to take social and environmental responsibility. This study aims to examine young adults' (19-30 years) attitudes toward consumption awareness in Sweden. Consumption awareness is treated in this study as the consumption of environmental and fair-trade labeled products that have been certified of a third party. The study is limited to everyday commodities, which in this case is groceries, household consumables and clothing.

Regulations on the exhaust emissions of HD-diesel engines are becoming more and more stringent, and therefore, emission after-treatment systems are commonly used. These systems rely on catalytic conversion of NOx,CO , and HC emissions, and are thus dependant on temperature. At low load of the engine, exhaust temperatures are not sufficient for the after-treatment components. Therefore, means to increase the exhaust temperature while maintaining low emissions and fuel consumption are needed.The focus of this project has been to develop strategies for the lift profiles of exhaust and intake valves in the engine, with the goal to raise exhaust temperature in combination with low emissions and fuel consumption. The strategies have been tested in a single-cylinder research engine equipped with a hydraulic variable valve actuation system.

Due to a constantly increasing competitive pressure it is of great importance to constantly strive for improvements in order to gain competitive advantages. Lean Production is a concept that has been introduced with the aim to minimize waste and increase profitability. The purpose of this report is therefore to investigate how to perform effective planning according to the principles of Lean Production, in companys with customer exclusive products, through a case study at Sandvik Mining and Construction (SMC), and to investigate how SMC kan improve their planning of drifting rods at the production unit in Sandviken.The study started by creating a theoretical framework, to describe the subject planning and planning based on Lean Production. This frame work constituted the base for the case study which took place at Sandvik Mining and Construction, and also for the model and planning tool that has been introduced.The result of the study is partly a general model with factors that contribute to a more effective planning. These factors has beed identifed as SMED, which focuses on reducing set up times and in the end to facilitate the planning.

Increased energy consumption in the world has created an increased supply of various fuels, especially fossil fuels. The Swedish government has set up various energy targets for 2020. To reach these goals it?s important to increase the energy efficiency in local buildings such as schools. This work illustrates the breakdown between energy supply and energy losses over the school.

Detta examensarbete har utförts i samarbete med ett företag som önskar vara anonymt i rapporten. Företaget har nyligen fått höjda produktionsmål då de fått ta över produktion från en fabrik som håller på att avvecklas. Då arbetskraften fortfarande är densamma har detta lett till att de anställda får jobba övertid. Studien har huvudsakligen fokuserats på en avdelning inom företaget men till viss del har studien också krävt att mindre delar av de två andra avdelningarna också studerades.Syftet med projektet var att se över hur arbetsprocessen kunde effektiviseras så att målen kan nås utan att personalen behöver jobba övertid. Som ramverk för projektet användes en version av Six Sigmas lösningsmetodik DMAIC, nämligen RDMAIC, där en Recognize-fas har lagts till i starten av arbetet.

Den här rapporten redovisar resultatet av en fallstudie på projektet Göingegården som genomförs iregi av Derome Mark & Bostad. Syftet med rapporten är att kartlägga arbetsprocessen och därefterbelysa var det finns felkällor och störst förbättringsmöjligheter, av vilken anledning samt vilkakonsekvenser som dessa får. Rapporten belyser och åskådliggör vilka åtgärder och lösningar som böranvändas och dessa åtgärder utvärderas ur ett LEAN perspektiv med fokus på tid och kostnad someffekter.För att kunna nå dit har en stor del av arbetet inriktats sig mot att förstå hur processen fungerar, hurarbetet ser ut på Derome samt synliggöra vilka avvikningar som finns och hur dessa utspelar sig i detlånga loppet. Arbetet med eftersökning och felsökning består av främst av möten, intervjuer ocheftersökningar om hur arbetet sker på andra företag i samma bransch.Dessa avvikelser analyserades och deras härkomst, varför de uppkommer, undersöktes och fokus lågpå att hitta förbättringspunkter som är återkommande och inte bara engångsproblem. Attgrundstenarna och visionerna som finns i LEAN är tätt sammanknutna med de åtgärdsförslag somredovisas i rapporten ser vi som en klar utgångspunkt.Resultatet av rapporten visar på att inom projekteringsdelen av projektet finns det brister och deflesta av dessa brister härleds komma från omodern teknik.

Understensho?jden is Stockholm's largest eco-village which was built in the early 1990s with the vision of enabling ecological living for people. However the ecovillage is no longer considered as environmentally friendly because of its relatively high energy consumption, and non-updated energy system. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate how Understensho?jden should reduce their energy consumption and upgrade its energy system by using Blower-Door, IR-camera and Design Builder.

This thesis examines how marketing by secondhand apps affects young adult women's consumption habits, investigating whether these platforms promote or counteract overconsumption. While the secondhand market is considered more sustainable than buying new, these apps may still encourage overconsumption. The study focuses on the marketing strategies of three major secondhand apps in Sweden: Tradera, Sellpy, and Vinted, analyzing their impact on consumer behavior using the AIDA model (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action). Based on qualitative interviews with eleven women aged 20-27 and the authors observations of the apps marketing activities, the study finds that secondhand apps often emphasize environmental benefits and makes secondhand shopping accessible and appealing. However, the marketing tactics used by these apps, including frequent push notifications, targeted advertisements, and influencer collaborations, may lead to increased consumption. Overconsumption causes significant environmental damage, and while the secondhand market can mitigate these effects by extending the lifecycle of items, the emphasis on convenience end environmental benefits can inadvertently encourage more consumption. The study concludes that secondhand apps play a complex role in consumer behavior, balancing the potential for sustainability with the risk of promoting overconsumption.

This report describes the planning and the accomplishment of the final diploma workat the study program Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University. Two students carried out the diploma work at GE HealthcareHusbyborg in Uppsala.The aim of the diploma work was to develop and improve existing processequipment for 11C-radiochemistry in PET. The process equipment was to be dividedinto smaller independent modules to make it more flexible. Part of the existingprocess equipment is an oven that is supposed to perform a specific chemicalreaction. One of the main goals was to study and improve this oven.The work could be divided into three main phases: 1.Present concepts for one module, and interface between different modules.

Vårt moderna samhälle är idag beroende av dagliga transporter som både är en stor kostnad för producerande företag och dessutom har en stor miljöpåverkan. Främst eftersom klimatfrågan idag debatteras flitigt men också för att det finns stora incitament för företagen att minska sina transportkostnader kommer vi, med största sannolikhet att se stora effektiviseringar av denna bransch inom en snar framtid. I detta arbete behandlas därför i vilken utsträckning två välkända teorier, Lean och Supply Chain Management, kan användas för att optimera transporterna främst vad gäller kostnad och miljöpåverkan. Efter att ha analyserat ett flertal rapporter som behandlat dagens transporter, transporttyper av olika slag och pågående miljöregleringar samt intervjuer med två svenska industribolag har vi kommit fram till att dessa två teorier inte lämpar sig i alla situationer. Lönsamheten i användandet av dessa två teorier beror på vilken teknisk grad företagets produkter har samt hur stor företagens produktion är.

The climate change the earth today has to face is no longer a global problem when every individual has a responsibility to act. The residents in Sweden have no understanding how their energy consumption affects the environment, nor what measures can be taken to reduce the energy consumption.The use of the energy in new Buildings is considerably lower than in the older ones as conditions have improved and the requirements have been more stringent. As most of the buildings in the future have already been constructed it´s important to take every opportunity for energy efficiency and rebuilding of available buildings will become a significant act. Reconstruction of a building contributes generally to both a reduced individual and a reduced total energy use, while new constructions only keep a low individual energy use but a increase the total energy use. For this reason we present the opportunities for reconstruction, mainly to reach the standards for a passive house..

The world?s consumption is increasing at an accelerating rate and it´s produced and consumed more goods and services than ever before. A large part of people's consumption consists of clothing that is bought and discarded increasingly leading to a number of environmental problems such as global warming, pollution, loss of biodiversity and the depletion of natural assets. One way to save the earth's resources is to buy used clothing, so called second hand, instead of new ones. The store chain ?The Ants? (in Swedish ?Myrorna?) has specializing in second-hand goods and sells, among other things, clothes.