Directive 2006/54/EG from the European Union concerns the equal rights between men and woman and the principle of equal rights. The purpose of the directive is that the member states provide the equal rights between men and woman. Affirmative action is one exception from the principle of equal rights which is settled in directive 2006/54/EG, article 3. The purpose for the affirmative action must be to encourage the equal rights between men and women.EU has specific criteria to use affirmative action, which is created by praxis of the Court of Justice of the European Union. These criteria are that the affirmative action must involve an objective assessment, there must be equal qualifications between the person which is affirmative action and the person who is not, the positive action cannot be automatically decisive and this special treatment should be proportionate to the purpose.

General principles of law can be defined as a legal foundation with the function of codifying basic values. They can also be of a character, which makes them useful as supplement and interpretation of law. EU has developed principles of law that can be divided into general and special. Within the Union there are existences of around twenty general ones. A further separation can be made in terms of institutional and individual.

Large corporations have come to play a central role in today?s society. By analyzing how corporations describe their work with Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, my aim is to review how they view and relate to this role. CSR means that a corporation voluntarily takes a civic responsibility beyond that which is required by law. This can be in order to promote human rights, basic workers rights and a better environment, as well as fighting corruption.In order to get at the role played by CSR, I have studied texts dealing with the subject, which have been published on the internet by the five largest Swedish corporations.

Det empiriska underlaget till den här uppsatsen utgörs av kvalitativa intervjuer genomförda på en tingsrätt med parter och vittnespersoner. Genom en analys av dessa intervjuer syftar uppsatsen till att utröna om den information som ges till parter och vittnespersoner inför och under en domstolsförhandling påverkar hur säkra de känner sig i sin roll under förhandlingen.Utöver de frågor som kretsar kring parter och vittnens upplevelser av säkerhet i den egna rollen och säkerhet i vad som förväntas av dem under en förhandling, ställs även frågor som ämnar undersöka om information bidrar till att parter och vittnen vet vad som händer i övrigt i samband med en förhandling. Frågorna undersöker också om den information som kommer från tingsrätten upplevs som tydlig och lätt att förstå. Vidare söker intervjufrågorna utröna om informationen påverkar om parter och vittnespersoner känner förtroende för rättsväsendet i stort och den aktuella domstolen i synnerhet, vilket i sig är en mycket viktig fråga.Studien, i vilken det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av processuell rättvisa, transmissionssyn och meningsskapande syn på kommunikation, kommer fram till att den information som ges till parter och vittnespersoner inför och under en domstolsförhandling påverkar hur säkra de känner sig i sin roll under förhandlingen.Genom att sammankoppla processuell rättvisa och meningsskapande syn på kommunikation bidrar studien till forskning om kommunikation och information på domstol. Studien väcker även frågor om vad information i förlängningen kan betyda för rättssäkerhet och förtroendet för domstol och rättsväsende..

According to Swedish tax legislation, investment funds are taxed differently depending on if the are Swedish or foreign. The difference between the investment funds lies within the taxation of received dividends and the opportunity to shift the liability of tax of received dividends on to the funds shareholders. This measure is only available to Swedish funds. The question in this thesis is whether this difference is discriminatory against foreign investors and therefore constitutes a forbidden restriction against the free movement of capital stated in article 63 EUF Treaty.The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has given several preliminary rulings on this type of legislation and its compatibility with the principle of free movement of capital. It is not compatible with the free movement according to the court.

Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ studie med en hermeneutisk och fenomenologisk utgångspunkt. Vi har använt oss av halvstrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer då vi samlat in data. Grunden för studiens teoretiska ram utgår ifrån Mays och Marcuses förklaringar av kreativiteten och skapandet som en allmänmänsklig, meningsskapande och transcendent praktik. Vi har intervjuat personal på tre olika, icke behandlande, institutioner för vuxna. Institutionerna vänder sig till våldsutsatta kvinnor, bostadslösa kvinnor och vuxna människor med psykisk ohälsa.

The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze laws that completely prohibit abortion through a legal philosophical perspective. To demonstrate that abortion blanket bans cannot be seen as legally legitimate, the author has completed a literature study where she uses Robert Alexy?s ?Concept of Law? to analyze abortion laws both in general, and in Nicaragua in particular.Based upon Alexy?s ?Concept of Law? the author has identified three relevant key elements ? social efficacy, the argument from inJustice and correctness of content - which she uses in her analysis. In order to apply these three elements on the total abortion ban, she then uses four different analysis tools - feminist theory, Human Rights, deontology analysis and right analysis. This has enabled a thorough analysis of the total ban on abortion that has demonstrates that such laws cannot be considered legitimate.By highlighting the human rights violations the law entails, one can conclude that the law has a social impact.

Our post-modern society is being continually more characterized by the working life, where corporate relations and the understanding of human momentum, limitations and knowledge is the basis of the quality of the corporation. In other words, it is of the greatest importance to keep in mind the attitudes, behaviour, stress levels and motivations that constitute a good working environment. We find it interesting to study what social psychological approaches and social processes could be of importance to good cooperation. The research has its starting point in a qualitative method focused on semi- structured interviews, where we have interviewed eight respondents working within the psychiatry. The research has strengthened our pre-understanding but also made clear the existence of other social processes and approaches that affect cooperation.

General principles of law can be defined as a legal foundation with the function of codifying basic values. They can also be of a character, which makes them useful as supplement and interpretation of law. EU has developed principles of law that can be divided into general and special. Within the Union there are existences of around twenty general ones. A further separation can be made in terms of institutional and individual.

Uppsatsen behandlar Afrikanska Unionen (AU) och dess arbete för bevarandet av mänskliga rättigheter i konflikter, ett arbete som AU till största del misslyckats med. Darfur i Sudan är det konfliktområde som huvudsakligen tas upp. År 2002 övergick Organization of African Unity (OAU) till AU och därmed blev fokuseringen på mänskliga rättigheter större. I sitt arbete med mänskliga rättigheter utgår AU från African Charter on Human and Peoples? Rights (ACHPR) och Kommissionen (African Commission on Human and Peoples? Rights) är den institution som enligt ACHPR har till uppdrag att verka för de mänskliga rättigheterna.

Uppsatsen behandlar Afrikanska Unionen (AU) och dess arbete för bevarandet av mänskliga rättigheter i konflikter, ett arbete som AU till största del misslyckats med. Darfur i Sudan är det konfliktområde som huvudsakligen tas upp. År 2002 övergick Organization of African Unity (OAU) till AU och därmed blev fokuseringen på mänskliga rättigheter större. I sitt arbete med mänskliga rättigheter utgår AU från African Charter on Human and Peoples? Rights (ACHPR) och Kommissionen (African Commission on Human and Peoples? Rights) är den institution som enligt ACHPR har till uppdrag att verka för de mänskliga rättigheterna.

Organic food is produced in a way that strives towards maintaining and improving natural resources. The welfare of both producers and consumers is central, also taking both animals and the environment into account. The Swedish government finds this important and in 2006 they made a resolution that the consumption of organic food should be stimulated. The goal was that 25 % of the municipalities? consumption of food should be organic in 2010.The municipality of Ludvika reached the government's target in 2011 and is currently increasing their proportion of organic food by one new product every year.  Ludvika is a member of The National Association of Swedish Eco-municipalities and the town of Ludvika is also a Fairtrade city.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida bistånd leder till ökad kosmopolitisk rättvisa. Begreppet kosmopolitisk rättvisa är i första hand hämtat från Kok-Chor Tans bok Justice Without Borders. Kosmopolitisk rättvisa används för att kunna operationalisera rättvisa på ett kvantifierbart sätt, vilket ökar möjligheten att mäta huruvida rättvisan i de undersökta fallen har ökat, minskat eller varit konstant.För att besvara frågan undersöker jag sambandet mellan bistånd och rättvisevariabler, med hjälp av ett statistiskt datamaterial och regressionsanalys. Jag använder tvärsnittsdata som kommer från UNDPs organisation Human Development Report, vilken listar världens länder utifrån om de har High, Medium eller Low Human Development, varav statistik om länderna i de två sistnämnda kategorierna används i uppsatsen. Jag använder mig av olika variabler, exempelvis Nettotalet för barn som börjar skolan "primary" uttryckt i procent, Platser i parlamentet som innehas av kvinnor och Offentliga utgifter för utbildning som procent av BNP, för att undersöka huruvida det finns en positiv korrelation mellan dessa och bistånd.Jag använder mig även av en fåfallsstudie där jag undersöker det svenska biståndets effekt på kosmopolitisk rättvisa i Indien och Sri Lanka, för att jämföra och dra slutsatser om hur biståndet har påverkat utvecklingen av rättvisan.

According to Swedish tax legislation, investment funds are taxed differently depending on if the are Swedish or foreign. The difference between the investment funds lies within the taxation of received dividends and the opportunity to shift the liability of tax of received dividends on to the funds shareholders. This measure is only available to Swedish funds. The question in this thesis is whether this difference is discriminatory against foreign investors and therefore constitutes a forbidden restriction against the free movement of capital stated in article 63 EUF Treaty.The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has given several preliminary rulings on this type of legislation and its compatibility with the principle of free movement of capital. It is not compatible with the free movement according to the court.

The purpose of this thesis is to study how swedishness is constructed and narrated in two Swedish documentary series that picture the Swedish participation in the international ISAF mission in Afghanistan. The main focus lies on how the Swedish soldier as such is portrayed, on which values, characteristics and qualities that they are said to embody and how these are linked to notions of swedishness, particularly the strong historical narrative, formed during the second half of the twentieth century, that defines Sweden as a peaceful, neutral and humanitarian state, with peaceful, enlightened and democratically minded citizens. Theoretically it draws on the concept of metanarrative to explain how ideas of shared national origin translates in to a broad organizing discourse, that defines, interprets and communicates notions of what it means to be a Swede and what is needed to make claims on swedishness. Another concept, that of national bodyscape, is also used to further define and explain how ideas of nationality are embodied and take the form of specific characteristics and  personal qualities. The meaning-making in these two series makes use of the above mentioned definition of swedishness as defined by humanitarian concerns, democratic ideals and moral superiority to construct an image of the Swedish soldiers as on the one hand soft, humanitarians, who are needed in Afghanistan because of their especially strong sense of Justice and moral, and, on the other, as tough soldiers, who are able to participate in every aspect of the war as fighters.