Linjäriseringar av olinjära system är mycket relevanta eftersom det finns en i förhållandevis enkel och omfattande matematisk teori kring linjära system, till skillnad från allmänna olinjära system.För vissa olinjära system är det svårt eller inte ens möjligt att genomföra en analytisk linjärisering.Orsakerna till detta kan vara hög komplexitet av systemet eller avsaknaden av ett analytiskt uttryck.Numerisk analys kan vara en lösning på detta problem.I detta examensarbete används framåtdifferens och centraldifferens för att genomföra de derivata-approximationersom behövs för att genomföra en numerisk linjärisering av ett olinjärt system.Rapporten behandlar även vad som sker då det är dålig upplösning på den indata som används när man genomför enlinjärisering, vad som händer med heltal och binära signaler om de ingår i ett system som linjäriseras ocheffekten av att ha olika samplingstider för olika delmoduler i ett system som linjäriseras.Slutligen undersöks numerisk bilinjärisering av ett system på bilinjär form och en jämförelse mellan analytisk linjärisering och bilinjärisering görs..

Quality assurance for Scania engine componentsScania engines have become one of the world?s most renowned corporations in themanufacturing of engines. This is mostly due to the quality and performance thatScania have shown. However, this does not stop Scania from trying to achieve moresuccess in the fields of development and research to assure the quality of theirengines.The purpose of this thesis is to show how Scania ensures the quality of the enginecomponents, both those who made externally and internally at Scania, also inclusivethe manufacturing and assembly process.Three engine components were examined: D16 block engines, water pump andXP-Iinjectors. The study included the whole process from the step of supplying therow materials to the last step in production functional test.In this thesis an investigation of how other companies are working with qualityassurance was conducted.

During my education I have frequently noticed that pupils do not like science or find it hard and dull. The purpose with this investigation is to find out how pupils experience their science education and if they can understand the arguments for studying the subject at school.I have made a questionnaire study among pupils in grade 8 and 9. After analyzing their answers I have interviewed some of the pupils to get answers on further questions.The investigation resulted in conclusion that pupils have hard to connect their science-education to their everyday lives. The most important element in forming the pupil?s opinions about science is their relation to the teacher and how the lessons are set-up.The following questions will be answered in this paper:Do pupils understand why they have science at school?Can the pupils see the use of scientific knowledge in their everyday life?How do pupils look upon their science education?.

The setting of pupils' final grades in the Swedish upper secondary school system is the responsibility of their teachers and once grades are set, they are not open to appeal. This can be compared with the British system where an external, central examination board sets the final grades based on the result of externally marked examinations (A-levels). These grades are then open to appeal if it is felt that an injustice has been made.This research paper has been an investigation into how pupils in one Swedish upper secondary school attempt to influence their teachers in the grade-setting process and how these teachers are affected by these different methods. Five teachers in total were interviewed in a qualitative case study. The study has also taken up the controversial issue of how grades, which are set individually by thousands of teachers across the country, can be deemed to be fair and equivalent.The study revealed that pupils employ many different methods when trying to influence their teachers in the grade-setting process e.g.

Banverket Trafik has a responsibility to make sure that the companies who traffic the Swedish railroad have the correct information about the status of the railroad. One of Banverket Trafiks information systems (Opera) presents the train?s actual position on a map and provides the user with physical information about the trains. Due to increasing demands on the information systems, Banverket Trafik needs to update the present system architecture in order to manage the increasing demands on map graphics and map functions. This paper analysis the information system Opera on the basis of theory and support of methods and discuss problems and demands for Opera.

This thesis will deal with the development of the situation of the Roma minority in the Swedish school system in the period between 1954 to 2010, based on two Swedish Government Official Reports of the group's situation in the Swedish schools. The study is done by the report Zigenarfrågan (SOU 1956:43) and with the report Romers rätt (SOU 2010:55). The report Romers rätt was written by the Delegation for Roma issues and gives an updated picture of the situation of Roma in the Swedish school system. The state investigation Zigenarfrågan, is also important as the latter resulted in the Roma children enrolled in Swedish schools. This work will look at the various governmental investigations by the theory used for analysis called ?structural discrimination theory?.

The activity of interest groups in the political process of the European Union has given rise to a broad debate concerning the effect on European democracy these groups have. As relatively powerful political actors, the question of these groups? views on the EU and how the union should be is an important one. The status of these groups owns democratic representation also affects the democratic status of the EU. Being based on a number of theories, this study adopts an ideology analysis for the purpose of testing these theories on two cases ? the Swedish environmental organizations World Wide Fund for Nature and The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation.

Användbarheten av IT-system förbättras ständigt och företag har fokus på att förbättra sina IT-system som företagets kunderna använder då det leder till fler och nöjdare kunder. Annorlunda ser det ut för interna IT-system, alltså datasystem som används av medarbetare och som ska förenkla arbetsuppgifter, effektivisera arbetet eller även möjliggöra att utöva arbetsuppgifter vid en arbetsmiljö på distans. Användbarheten av interna IT-system står inte lika mycket i fokus som användbarheten av kundcentrerade system och istället för att åtgärda brister i användbarheten tvingas medarbetarna att lära sig hantera IT-systemets brister.Utgångspunkten för arbetet var funderingarna över vilken betydelse användbarheten har för ett företag när det gäller interna IT-system vid en arbetsmiljö på distans. Ansatsen var att undersöka om användbarhetsproblem i praktiken leder till att användarna upplever ett IT-system som dåligt i den särskilda situationen av ett arbetsmiljö på distans. I en fallstudie utvärderades ett IT-system som används av försäkringsombud som arbetar på distans med hjälp av en enkätundersökning och användarintervjuar samt hierarkiska uppgiftsanalyser.

The music distribution in Sweden and the world is rapidly changing. The music industry, however, has been reluctant to change the way they distribute music. The consequence has been that illegal music files have been available for downloading to anyone with an Internet connection. Because of the illegal downloading a new law have been implemented in an attempt to stop this behaviour. Our theory is that in implementing the IPRED-law, the sites that were hosting most of the illegal material will experience a severe decrease in traffic.

I denna rapport har vi undersökt hur utvecklarna tagit hänsyn till användbarheten för slutanvändarna vid utvecklingen av ett säkerhetskritiskt system. Resultatet erhölls genom en empirisk fallstudie på två företag som utvecklar säkerhetskritiska system. Datainsamlingen bestod av intervjuer med personer som varit delaktiga i och har kunskap om utvecklingen av systemen som ingick i vår fallstudie. Sedan analyserades insamlad data mot teori inom Människa ? Dator ? Interaktion (MDI) samt teori om säkerhetskritiska system.

This study is about assessment, in particular formative assessment also called assessment for learning. The purpose of this study is to investigate Swedish and South African primary school teachers? views and ideas about this didactic tool. The motives for this investigation are based on the fact that correct used formative assessment supports pupils? learning process and the fact that there are few researches made about this subject in Sweden.

This thesis examines how knowledge management professionals use trust as a component in the creation of knowledge management systems, and what methods they use for building trust.Adopting a grounded theory approach, interviews with 8 knowledge management professionals active in different industries served as the base for an analysis that identified trust to be the single most important common factor in the data. The concept of trust used by the informants was identified as relating to the knowledge management system itself, rather than other users, employees or groups in an organisation.Building trust, the KM-professionals mainly focused on three methods: simple solutions, system superiority, and implementation security. Using these methods, the KM-professionals seek to ensure system trust by creating opportunities for users to obtain positive experiences of using the system, and thereby generate a foundation for a trust-based relationship between the user and the system..

Introduction: A complex interaction between muscles, tendons, bones, joints and nerves are required for optimal function of the human hand. It is known that an individual?s grip strength is vital for performance of physical demanding tasks such as strength training with free weights. Strength training including a thicker grip around the bar may enhance the strength of the grip in the athlete without other special routines for grip strength development. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the difference in performance in multiple repetitions in two strength training exercises using two different sizes on the bar, to look for correlations between grip strength of the subjects hand and the amount of repetitions executed with two different size of the bar and finally the correlation of hand size and the amount of repetitions executed with two different size of the bar.Method: 15 strength training men (23,9 ± 4,1 years), underwent measurements of hand size, maximum grip strength, 1 repetition maximum (1RM), a 80 % of 1RM weight strength test with two different  bar sizes.Results: The results from the present investigation indicates a 21,1 % reduction of 80 % of 1 RM weight performance in repetitions executed in the bench press with the thicker diameter of the bar and a 66,2 % reduction in repetitions executed with a 80 % of 1 RM weight in the lying bench row with the thicker diameter of the bar.

Denna rapport tar upp problem med revisionskontroll i realtidsbaserade kollaborativa system. Enligt Fan & Sun (2012a); Fan & Sun (2012b) behöver man bryta kraven som definerar realtidsbaserade system för att uppnå detta.Den stubbaserade lösningen som beskrivs i rapporten lyckas minska antalet fel i testfallen som utförts i fallstudierna. Genom att implementera personliga editeringsflikar och stubbar är det möjligt att ha revisisionskontroll i ett realtidsbaserat system. Dock för att detta ska vara effektivt och användbart bör detta endast användas i specifika fall och med noggrann granskning.Fallstudien som genomförts visar inte på några imponerande siffror men en förbättring är fortfarande möjlig vid specifika fall..

The aim of this thesis is to study the private owner structure in the Swedish forestry. This will be done with both a investigation of forest owners in Småland the year 2000 and 2001 and also a statistic research for the private forest owners in Sweden right now and over the years. In Sweden more than half of the total forest area is owned by private forest owner, witch is approximately 22 600 000 ha. Private forestry includes the owner categories private person, ordinary partnership and the estate of deceased persons. The main part of the private forestry is to be found in Norrland but also in the rest of Sweden private forestry constitute a large part of the forestry area.