Diabetes typ 2 är en kronisk sjukdom som uppstår när kroppens bukspottskörtel förlorarsin förmåga att producera insulin eller då kroppens celler har blivit resistenta motinsulin. Sjukdomen kan innebära en stor omställning i livet, vilket kan ställa höga kravpå personens levnadsvanor. Därför är det viktigt att patienten får en bra undervisning,och motiveras på bästa sätt till att klara av att leva med sjukdomen. Patientensinställning till sin sjukdom och sin situation har betydande påverkan på patientensförmåga att kunna leva med sjukdomen. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur patienterupplever att leva med diabetes typ 2.

Background and aims: The population of older people in our society is increasing. Agerelated changes in the skin results in a diminished perception of pain and pressure and a decreased microcirculation in the skin affects its ability to adapt to injury. Occurrence of pressure sore on geriatrikal clinics are 5-10%, witch means that between five and ten thousand patients gets daily treat for pressure sores. When the patient gets a pressure sore the need for help increases. A common apprehension is that if the patient?s affects with pressure sores it?s because of deficiency in care.

 During our education time, we have heard on several occasions how the high changing rate in the society also influences the education area. That changing process mainly originates from the transform that a school underwent, i.e. the decentralization meaning a delegation of responsibility from a national to local government and the particular school. The main idea that started a changing process goes under the slogan ?a school for everyone?.

The main purpose with this study was to investigate whether the tree growth differs or not in prescribed burnt areas compared to mechanically scarified. Together with the result from the main purpose, answers of whether it's possible or not to combine nature conservation with tree production in prescribed burnt areas was presented. In these areas the regeneration were analyzed to see if there was enough tree plants to comply with the Swedish Forestry Act regulations terms for approved regeneration. A field survey was conducted at 6 objects, three objects for prescribed burning and three for mechanically scarification. All objects were planted within the same year.

Heifer?s growth may be divided into three main phases: calf period, puberty and pregnancy. When the heifers are about three months old a critical period begins. This period ends when the heifer reach puberty and have her first oestrus at around 9-12 months of age. In the critical period the mammary gland starts to grow at a fast rate and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) transport the growth signals to the mammary glands.

The short term effect of phosphorus in sewage sludge was investigated to establish howmuch of this a farmer can grant him- or herself, if using sewage sludge as a phosphorusfertilizer. Possible differences in plant availability between sludge phosphorus precipitatedby iron, aluminum or calcium integrations were studied in a sandy soil at two pH levels.The sludges were analyzed using pot and incubation trials. As the intention was to investigategrowth limitation due to phosphorus deficiency, a soil with low phosphorus supplywas chosen as well as a low phosphorus application rate. Sludge corresponding to 12kg phosphorus per hectare was applied. Treatments fertilized by sludge were compared totreatments where 0, 6 and 12 kg phosphorus per hectare from mineral fertilizer was applied.Every treatment was replicated six times.

Bakgrund: Diabetes är en kronisk metabol sjukdom och det finns två sorter. Typ 1 kallas den som orsakas av bristande insulinproduktion. Nordiska riktlinjerna för barn och ungdomar rekommenderar 60 minuter fysisk aktivitet per dag. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa vikten av fysisk aktivitet hos barn och ungdomar med typ 1 diabetes samt vilka faktorer som påverkar deras fysiska aktivitet. Metod: En litteraturstudie innehållande 16 vetenskapliga artiklar som erhållits genom databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Dessa har granskats, kvalitetsbestämts och sammanfattats. Resultatet har därefter analyserats och presenterats under två huvudteman med tillhörande subteman. Resultat: Efter granskning av de involverade artiklarna framkommer det att den fysiska aktiviteten är viktig för barn och ungdomar med typ 1 diabetes.

Under utövandet av sitt yrke möter allmänsjuksköterskan många patienter med DMT1 (diabetes mellitus typ 1). Enligt Carnevali (1999) leder kunskap om individens resurser och krav i det dagliga livet till en mer individuellt anpassad vård. En ökad förståelse för livskvaliteten vid DMT1 och vilka faktorer som påverkar den kan leda till ett bättre bemötande i vården. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva faktorer som kan påverka livs¬kvaliteten inom olika områden hos individer med diabetes mellitus typ 1. Metoden som användes var en modell för litteraturbaserade examensarbeten av Friberg et al (2006).

Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur vuxna med typ 2 diabetes uppfattar sin livskvalitet. Metoden var en beskrivande litteraturstudie. Tre undergrupper identifierades, sammanlagt granskades 15 artiklar varav samtliga med kvanitativ ansats. Resultatet av föreliggande studie visade att depression var det mest förekommande komplikationen hos typ 2 diabetiker, vilket resulterade i både nedsatt livskvalitet samt även hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Vidare visade resultatet att patienter som behandlades med insulin, var kraftigt överviktiga, personer med lägre utbildning, personer med sämre metabol kontroll och otillfredsställande HbA1c värde också uppfattade dålig livskvalitet.

Background: Folate is a water - soluble vitamin necessary for normal DNA synthesis among  other mechanisms. Folate deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia resulting from abnormal erythrocyte d evelopment. At the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping, analysis of folate is performed with Siemens ADVIA Centaur® XP which uses an immunochemical method with chemiluminimetric detection. Currently, the assay is conducted on serum, is poured off and frozen after 48 h and treated with light protection because folate is considered to be light sensitive.Methods: This study tested lithium heparin plasma for analysis of folate with Siemens ADVIA Centaur® XP with the aim to be able to perform a package of analyzes in anemia investigation from the same collection tube. Furthermore, the stability of folate was studied for up to 168 h and examined regarding light sensitivity.Results: Statistically significant higher values were obtained in the analysis of folate in lithium heparin plasma than folate in serum (p < 0,001).

The female dog has a unique reproductive endocrinology, with high levels of progesterone throughout the 70-day long luteal phase. In this project, markers of glucose metabolism were studied and compared from the aspects of breed group and time in oestral cycle. The parameters studied were: glucose, insulin, progesterone, fructosamine and the newly introduced analysis of HbA1c. Hba1c was also further evaluated and discussed as a diagnostic tool in canine medicine.No differences in terms of glucose markers were found between a group of purebreed dogs of various breeds compared to a group of dogs with high risk of dioestrus diabetes, namely the Norwegian and Swedish elkhounds.No differences were found between the two sample occasions, anoestrus and dioestrus, concluding that there is no need for relating test results to the time of the oestrous cycle in middle-aged intact female dogs.There were statistically significant higher values of all glucose markers in diabetic dogs than in non-diabetic dogs. When it came to HbA1c, however, there was a larger overlap between the two groups, compared to fructosamine.

The idea behind this project came from a feed study executed two years during the lambing season. Both years wool loss was experienced. Low temperature in combination with shearing was believed to cause the wool loss the first year, while protein deficiency was believed to be the cause the second year. In the literature many causes of wool loss are described; mechanical wear, telogen effluvium, bacterial dermatitis, external parasites, wool break, scrapie, genetic causes and nutritional deficiencies are some examples. The aim of this thesis was to study causes for wool loss and how common wool loss is in Swedish sheep herds.

Bakgrund: typ 1-diabetes är en sjukdom som ofta drabbar personer som är under 30 år och ställer stora krav på ens egenvård. Hur ungdomar upplever och hanterar sin sjukdom är avgörande för deras egenvård och hur de klarar av att hantera sin sjukdom. Syfte: Att beskriva ungdomars upplevelser och hantering av typ 1-diabetes.Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie. Datainsamling skedde från databaserna Cinahl och Medline där nio artiklar valdes ut och granskades enligt en kvalitetsgranskningsmall. Samtliga artiklar var granskade av en etisk kommitté.

The female dog has a unique reproductive endocrinology, with high levels of progesterone throughout the 70-day long luteal phase. In this project, markers of glucose metabolism were studied and compared from the aspects of breed group and time in oestral cycle. The parameters studied were: glucose, insulin, progesterone, fructosamine and the newly introduced analysis of HbA1c. Hba1c was also further evaluated and discussed as a diagnostic tool in canine medicine.No differences in terms of glucose markers were found between a group of purebreed dogs of various breeds compared to a group of dogs with high risk of dioestrus diabetes, namely the Norwegian and Swedish elkhounds.No differences were found between the two sample occasions, anoestrus and dioestrus, concluding that there is no need for relating test results to the time of the oestrous cycle in middle-aged intact female dogs.There were statistically significant higher values of all glucose markers in diabetic dogs than in non-diabetic dogs. When it came to HbA1c, however, there was a larger overlap between the two groups, compared to fructosamine.

Quality can be defined as the ability of a business to satisfy their customers? needs and expectations. Total Quality Management is defined as the way to prevent, appraise and improve the entire organization to increase the product quality. In order to systematically increase quality in an organization, there are different quality systems in use. One example is process management, which is to divide the activities of processes.