The purpose of this work is to study a circulation project in Enköping municipality, where the society?s rest products are used to make beneficial products. In Enköping the rest products from waste treatment plants and private sewers are used to fertilize and irrigate Salix plantations that later are harvested and burned at the local combined heating and power plant, ENA Energy AB, to produce electricity and heat. Possibilities to apply this kind of project ona municipality in Russia are also explored.Guryevsk municipality in Kaliningrad region was chosen since there is a need to improve energy systems and reduce emissions to water and air. This municipality strives to become environmentally friendly.

Epizootier som drabbat marina däggdjur och lett till storskaliga dödsfall har uppmärksammats runt om i världen de senaste decennierna. Höga halter av persistenta miljökontaminanter såsom DDT (diklordifenyltrikloretan) och PCB (polyklorerade bifenyler) har uppmätts hos djur som drabbats. Detta har lett till tankar om att miljökontaminanter, i den nivå de finns i våra akvatiska ekosystem idag, kan vara en bidragande orsak till den ökade mottagligheten för infektioner och den ökade mortaliteten hos marina däggdjur. I denna litteraturstudie sammanställs resultaten från försök, både på laboratoriedjur och marina däggdjur, som tyder på att kontaminanter med fokus på PCB kan orsaka immunosuppression och därmed vara en bakomliggande orsak till allvarligheten i dessa epizootier. Resultat från studier visar på att PCB kan orsaka immunosuppression genom att ge nedsatt proliferativt svar hos T-lymfocyter under stimulering med mitogener, minskad aktivitet hos NK-celler, nedsatt antikroppsproduktion, minskad antigen-specifik proliferation och minskat DTH (delayed-type hypersensitivity) svar.

This literature study describes the ways in which the spread of rabies can be prevented in India, what guidelines are set and also which methods have proved most effective. Every year rabies causes the death of around 20 000 people in India, which makes the prevalence in the country the highest in the world. The main source for human infection is bite wounds from infected dogs. People and animals can be vaccinated both prophylactic and post-exposure prophylactic (PEP), despite this the disease continues to claim high number of victims. The majority of those dying are young men and children from the poorer part of the population. Knowledge among the Indian population on rabies and its transmission routes, wound care and vaccinations is very limited.

Den här studien analyserar Tranströmers diktsamlingar 17 dikter, Hemligheter på vägen och Klanger och spår utifrån tematiken kring tid. Detta genom närläsning av dikterna och application av kognitiv lingvistik på metaforerna kopplade till tid. Resultatet av studien är att all tid existerar samtidigt i Tranströmers poesi, enligt T.S. Eliots teori att både dåtid och framtid finns här och nu, vilket syns på diverse historiska aspekter i nuet såsom ordval och porträttdikter. Tiden i dessa dikter tar formen av insekter såsom ett armbandsur och ett fjärilsmuseum.

Chewing behaviour includes both eating and ruminating activity. Chewing behaviour is of great importance for the feed intake as through the action of chewing (i.e. eating and ruminating) animals mechanically process the forages in small particle sizes and prepare the food for digestion. As cattle grow the chewing behaviour changes along with increasing body weight and chewing efficiency is increased. The aim of this thesis was to review the available scientific literature in order to describe chewing behaviour in growing cattle, as well as the factors that affect this behaviour.

Syftet var att undersöka i vilken grad munhälsan förbättrades hos patienter med tandlossning efter tandhygienistbehandling. Populationen bestod av samtliga patienter, som remitterats till studiens författare för behandling av tandlossning under perioden november 2000 till december 2004 och som uppfyllde vissa inklusions- och exklusionskriterier (n=38 efter bortfall). Tandköttsfickor som var fem millimeter eller djupare fanns initialt på minst tio procent av tandytorna hos samtliga deltagare. Gemensamt för deltagarna var att de tidigare ej behandlats av tandhygienist eller på specialistavdelning för parodontologi. Populationens medelålder var 61 år vid det första tandhygienistbesöket.

Vaccinology is an ever expanding field. As a member of the veterinary staff it is important to stay up to date with the continuous new scientific data and recommendations that affect the care that our companion animals receive at the veterinary clinic. This paper presents adverse vaccination reactions, their cause, risk factors and suggestions how we can minimize the risk of adverse vaccine events in dogs. Dog owners in Sweden were allowed to answer a questionnaire about adverse events following vaccination. Lethargy, edema and pruritus were among the most frequently seen adverse effects.

Larvae of Lepidopteran Manduca sexta and Spodoptera littoralis are pests of economical importance in several horticultural and agricultural crops. Knowledge of insect feeding preferences and behavior is crucial in order to find economically and ecologically sustainable solutions to the problems caused by these herbivores. The aim of this thesis was to study the behavior and the induced feeding preferences in larvae of M. sexta and S. littoralis when reared on certain host plants. The hypothesis was that larvae of M. sexta would have an innate preference for plants of the Solanaceae family and therefore discriminate the previously experienced nonhost when faced with the choice between a true host and the previous food source.

The spruce bark beetle (Ips typographhus) is one of the 25 000 species of insects in Sweden, an insect of great economic importance because it can alone terminate forest of high value. During the past decade, insights of climate change received with increasing attention. If the future brings a milder climate in the north and therefore a longer growing season, one would think that it would only affect the forestry to the better? Yet in recent time, outbreaks after storm felling seems to occur more frequently. The Spruce bark beetle ruins millions of cubic meter of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Sweden alone, with more frequent storm felling and a larger amount of wind thrown threes in the forests there will also be room for an advancing reproduction.

It is a well known fact today that suffering due to skin disorders is one of the most common causes to veterinary calls. For the Doberman breed included in the group of working dogs, the frequency and distribution of the different skinrelated diagnoses that causes visits to the veterinary clinics remains undocumented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of skinrelated problems causing veterinary visits of Doberman at four different veterinaryclinics in Sweden retrospectively, and compare these results with dogs in general and three other working dog breeds with the help of information collected from Agria - a Swedish animal insurance company. The total amount of veterinary calls that were registered at the clinics in question during the time of the study was 2460 visits. From these, 658 visits were due to skinrelated disorders, which amount to 27%. The most frequent cause to skinsuffering was injury caused by trauma, 15,7% of the Dobermans that were included in the study were affected, the second most frequent cause was inflammatory and infectious skin problems with 12,3% followed by neoplastic changes in the skin with 7% of the Dobermans affected.

There are many theories why animals play but none have jet been proven. During observation on Canids, play seems to be important when they learn to control the intensity of the bite and to facilitate the social structure within a group. When dogs play they perform behaviours that otherwise are used during hunting, reproduction and aggression that in another context would be for example hostile. The dog is one of the species that we humans have domesticated and they have been exposed to an intense and concentrated breeding so they can function in different areas, for example herding and hunting. This breeding has resulted in that the pure bred dogs can be very different between the breeds.

Syfte: Syftet med denna systematiska ?versikt ?r att unders?ka huruvida intaget av omega-3-fettsyror under graviditet kan p?verka utvecklingen av f?do?mnesallergi hos barnet. Metod: Litteraturs?kningen genomf?rdes i databaserna Scopus och PubMed. Enbart randomiserade kontrollerade studier inkluderades och s?korden som anv?ndes var ?omega 3?, ?fish oil?, ?food allergy?, ?food hypersensitivity?, ?pregnancy? och ?pregnant?. Populationen i de inkluderade studierna var gravida kvinnor och deras barn.

Future climate changes may lead to an interest of alternative and foreign forest tree species in order to spread the risks in forestry. Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Freemont cottonwood and hybrid aspen are examples of popular foreign tree species that along with western red cedar could have a future in the Swedish forests.Södra Skogsägarna and SLU have collaboration in establishment of foreign species in Swedish forests.The purpose of this study was to analyze and present the establishment of western red cedar, and to survey and illustrate injuries of freeze drying and other damages like deer browsing, vegetation and insect attacks. The study included four different provenances, and spruce as a reference, planted in two locations ? Asa and Släne.Western red cedar is despite its name a conifer of the cupressaceae family with defined secondary characteristic and gets along well with an overstory. Western red cedar grows often in mixed stands with similar conifers and its natural habitat is within and in the area near to British Columbia.The study included two series of field inventories, one made in the summer and one in the autumn 2013, three growing seasons after plantation.

Deciduous forests are, according to the National Environmental Quality Objectives, a priority area. Deciduous forests are rich in species and the occurrence of dead wood is an important factor for biodiversity. In order to identify valuable deciduous forests for bio-diversity, conservation needs good analyses and planning tools. Habitat models combined with geographic information systems can be used to study the spatial structure of suitable habitat. The Lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) has been proposed as an indicator species for deciduous forests, since this species is highly specialized on insect larvae in dead wood and requires large areas of deciduous-rich environments. Many riparian forest with high species richness and high nature conservation values are found along the Ume river in Umeå municipality.

A totally mixed ration (TMR) is a mixture of all the necessary feed components for the cow. She will eat the exact same feed in every bite which will make the rumen pH more stable and always supply her with a constant proportion between roughage and concentrate. This will make it possible for the cow to eat more dry matter (DM) a day because the fibre requirements are fulfilled. If a part of the concentrate is given separated from the mixture it is called partly mixed rations (PMR) and is almost always used when using an automatic milking system (AMS). When using TMR and PMR it is important to have a high hygiene, be accurate when mixing the feed and to look after cows in a good and strict way. The aim of this study was to document different farms with PMR in an AMS to see which routines they have and how they are managing their production.