Transdermal drug delivery, besides painfulinjections with syringes, has long been associatedwith small size particle pharmaceuticals, which candiffuse through the skin. This method of drugadministration has only been applicable on a smallnumber of drugs, where active molecules are smalland delivery time should or can be long.Other drug delivery options are oral administrationand injection with hypodermic needles (ordinaryhospital syringes). In oral administration thestomach and liver tend to dissolve the drug and theeffect becomes more difficult to anticipate, anddrug delivery rates difficult to control. Hypodermicneedles are used as a mean of drug injectiondirectly into the bloodstream. This method ispainful and risks infection due to tissue damageand skin penetration.One way to get a painless non-damaging techniquewith high delivery rate that still can delivery largemolecules is to manufacture an array of microscopichollow needles and equip them with a pumping unitthat delivers the correct amount of drugs.This thesis shows the technique and possibility ofmanufacture micromachined needles using low costtechniques of Ion Track Technology (radiation ofheavy ions creates porous materials), electrolessdeposition (non-current activated wet chemistrymethod of depositing metal) and electroplating.

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyse a group of young adults? childhood experiences of the intervention "contact family". The used methods were qualitative interviews and a standardised formulary with life questions, to strengthen the interviews and to compare data. The theoretical frame was taken from Bronfenbrenner?s child development theory and Antonovsky?s salutogenic perspective, which we supplemented with Hilchen Sommerschild?s theory about the "conditions of control".

This literature study describes the ways in which the spread of rabies can be prevented in India, what guidelines are set and also which methods have proved most effective. Every year rabies causes the death of around 20 000 people in India, which makes the prevalence in the country the highest in the world. The main source for human infection is bite wounds from infected dogs. People and animals can be vaccinated both prophylactic and post-exposure prophylactic (PEP), despite this the disease continues to claim high number of victims. The majority of those dying are young men and children from the poorer part of the population. Knowledge among the Indian population on rabies and its transmission routes, wound care and vaccinations is very limited.

The purpose of this study is to show how the modern society, with demands, expectations and the time constraints of adults, affects children and the everyday life at the preschool. Our intention is also to show the importance of identify stress symptoms of the children.        The study is of qualitative empirical kind and is based on a questionnaire to 19 parents of preschool children at the age of three to five years old. Interviews are made with four preschool teachers on one preschool. An observation of children in possible stressful situations is made during three days each at two preschools.     The results show that the modern society affects children and can be stressful. It also affects the everyday life at the preschool.

This study had two different aims. The main aim was to investigate the dynamics and impact of African swine fever (ASF) on a farm in Uganda during a recent outbreak through a case study. The second aim was to estimate the presence of two important differential diagnoses of ASF: Classical swine fever (CSF) and Porcine Reproduction and Respiratory syndrome (PRRS).The field and laboratory based case study of the farm level dynamics of ASF virus during a recent outbreak (October-December 2010) on a farm in the district of Mityana, Uganda, was conducted, using interviews, ELISA and RT-PCR. The financial impact on the farm was also estimated. The impact of the outbreak was profound.

Syfte: Att undersöka hur patienter på ett universitetssjukhus uppfattar information gällande preoperativ dusch samt patientens genomförande av duschen på avdelningen. Introduktion: Vårdrelaterade infektioner är vanliga och kan leda till ökade kostnader, långvarig sjukhusvistelse och ökad lidande för patienter. Ett sätt att förhindra detta är att duscha med klorhexidin före operation. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att informera patienten om den preoperativa duschen, kontrollera att patienten uppfattat informationen och har möjlighet och resurser att följa den. Metod: En kvalitativ deskriptiv intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor.

BakgrundKvinnlig könsstympning innebär att hela eller delar av könsorganen avlägsnas. I världen uppskattas 100-140 miljoner kvinnor genomgått ingreppet. Kvinnlig könsstympning är främst förekommande i de västra och östra delarna av Afrika samt i Egypten. Ingreppet är inte en religiös plikt utan har sedan 2000 år tillbaka utförts som en kulturell sed. En kartläggning av faktorer som påverkar fortsatt utövande av kvinnlig könsstympning behövs för att få svar på vilka resurser i det förebyggande arbetet som har störst påverkan i avskaffningen av kvinnlig könsstympning.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is one of the most serious transboundary swine diseases because of its high lethality for pigs, socioeconomic consequences, rapid and international spread and the absence of either treatment or vaccine. This Sida Minor Field Study (MFS) was carried out during fall 2010, as part of a larger collaborative research project called ASFUganda, focusing on the epidemiology of the disease in Uganda. The aim with this study was to get more knowledge about the pathology in cases of ASF in Uganda, by studying macroscopic and microscopic lesions in pigs with acute and chronic ASF and to detect the ASF virus (ASFV) in tissues by immunohistochemistry. The pigs were selected from the two different geographical locations in Uganda, Mityana and Gulu district, both with on going confirmed outbreaks of ASF. Necropsies were performed in the field, and the laboratory procedures at the JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Entebbe, Uganda, and at the Department of BVF, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden. Three pigs from an outbreak of ASF in Mityana district showed both the history and the clinical symptoms typical for ASF.

Scrapie is an infectious neurologic disease in sheep caused by prions, corresponding to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in other species. The prion is presumably constituted of PrPSc, the misfolded form of the normal endogenous prion protein, PrPC, which is found in practically all cells in the body. PrPSc can induce a conformational change in PrPC and misfold it as an imprint of itself; this is how prions amplify and spread. The process of conformational change is poorly understood and there might exist intermediate forms between PrPC and PrPSc. Bioassay using mice has traditionally been the golden standard in prion studies but is limited by cost and time.

Statistics regarding children, who are overweight, shows alarming results in many parts of the world. Overweight may cause serious consequences, as for instance heart- and vascular diseases. Research is pointing out that hereditary, social, behavioural and cultural facts may promote developing overweight and it is of great importance to find out how to prevent overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. The purpose of the literature study was to compile primary and secondary preventions against overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. The result showed that prevention through education, recommendations, healthy eating and exercise may be usable in the work to prevent overweight among children and adolescents.

Bakgrund: MRSA, metcillinresistenta staphyloococcus aureus, ökar idag i Sverige och i hela världen och bidrar till längre vårdtider, kostsamma behandlingar och mycket lidande för de drabbade patienterna och deras anhöriga. Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka hur patienter med MRSA upplever sin livssituation.Metod: Litteraturstudie  baserad på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar.Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre teman benämnda ?Att vårdas?, ?Upplevelse av social förändring? och ?Att vara smittad med MRSA? med tillhörande subteman. Patienterna beskriver att bristfällig eller utebliven information om MRSA, dess symtom och effekter var ett problem. De beskriver också rädsla för att smitta sina närstående och vänner.

Statistics regarding children, who are overweight, shows alarming results in many parts of the world. Overweight may cause serious consequences, as for instance heart- and vascular diseases. Research is pointing out that hereditary, social, behavioural and cultural facts may promote developing overweight and it is of great importance to find out how to prevent overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. The purpose of the literature study was to compile primary and secondary preventions against overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. The result showed that prevention through education, recommendations, healthy eating and exercise may be usable in the work to prevent overweight among children and adolescents.

Bakgrund: Varje år insjuknar i Sverige mellan 25?30 000 personer i stroke. Det är 80 % som får ätsvårigheter. Syfte: Att sammanställa den aktuella kunskapen om strokedrabbade personers erfarenhet av ätsituationen. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en allmän litteraturstudie genom systematisk granskning och sammanställning av vetenskapliga artiklar.

Höft- och knäprotesoperationer är idag en vanlig operation vid artros i höft- och knäled. Trotsminutiösa infektionsförebyggande förberedelser inför operationen drabbas ändå en delpatienter av postoperativa infektioner. Vid ortopedisk proteskirurgi är postoperativainfektioner ett direkt hot mot den nya inopererade leden och kan leda till långabehandlingstider som påverkar patientens livskvalitet under lång tid.Syftet med studien var att utforska patienters möjlighet till delaktighet i tidig upptäckt avpostoperativ infektion utifrån given information vid operation för höft- eller knäprotes.Semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tio patienter med diagnostiserad postoperativinfektion efter höft- eller knäprotesoperation. Transkriberade intervjuer analyserades medinnehållsanalys. Journaler granskades för att beskriva patientens tidigare sjukdomar.Resultatet visade att första tecknen på infektion kan beskrivas med temat: Vad är normalt ochvad är inte normalt.

Konflikter förekommer i de allra flesta relationer mellan människor och de ser olika ut beroende på typ av relation. Syftet med denna studie var att se vilka konflikt- och motivationsstrategier som förekommer i parrelationen samt om motivation och personlighetstyp påverkar val av konfliktstrategi. Genom en enkätundersökning gjord på 25 heterosexuella barnlösa par i åldern 20-40 år, framkom två dominerande konfliktstrategier, konfronterande och ge efter. Den konfronterande konfliktstrategin korrelerade negativt med personlighetsfaktorn självkänsla, vilket i synnerhet gällde män. Mäns självkänsla korrelerade också negativt med den promotiva motivationsstrategin.