The energy sector is facing an impending paradigm shift. Today?s technology enables the end-user to generate their own energy locally at home. Furthermore, recently developed storage technologies make it possible to balance energy demand with stored energy and integrate district heating with the local power grid. This means that in the future heat and electric power will interact and energy flows is converted over energy boundaries.

The use of bio energy in Sweden has increased during the last few years and with every passing year, bio energy produces 3-4 TWh´s more energy than the previous year. The increase in the use of bio energy makes it an interesting prospect for forest companies to produce bio energy from the forest. Sveaskog has a fairly extensive bio energy programme, mainly in southern and middle Sweden. Their activity regarding bio energy in northern Sweden has been very restrictive or even non-existent. Because of this, during the winter of 2003-2004, Sveaskog initiated a number of degree projects with the purpose of looking at the use of bio energy in northern Sweden.

The task of making a correct application for B- activities is the foundry time consuming task. Information and facts concerning your entire business activity shall be attached into a description of environmental consequences, which will be the basis for the decision making whether the activities shall be granted a permission to practise environmentally hazardous actions or not. When the Environmental Act were established 1999, the permission process became more extensor. With this study I want to give an insight about how these applications are made. The methods I have used to collect information are a study literature where the Environmental Act has been the focus, and qualitative interviews with two County Administrative Board. I used the Environmental Act to understand why permission is needed and the interviews to give me insight in how the work is done. My conclusion is that it is very unusual that an application is granted without complements.

The grain market is facing substantial changes. Tradionally, cereal has been a supply-led market i.e. supply conditions have had a major impact on price level or indirectly, through market interventions implemented through the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP). Just a few years ago, Sweden and the EU were not affected so strongly by world market prices for cereals. EU was a surplus-area and to a substantial degree a local market.

The forest in the county of Småland has been utilised for a long time. One of the most important forms of utilisation of wood has been charcoaling for the benefit of the iron industry. Shortage of forest in relation to the iron industry, was discussed already in the 17th century in Sweden. The aim of this study was to analyse the purchase and consumption of charcoal at Storebro Bruk, an ironwork in Småland, during the period 1793-1850, as well as analyse the shortage of forest at the time. To determine the utilisation of the forest in the area, I have used historical sources from Storebro Bruksarkiv.

The aim of this paper was to discover the functions and workings of personal networks and their advantages for self-employed sound designers and producers whose focus was upon the moving image (film, advertising, tv, etc). Investigations on how entrepreneurs develop their networks were made, as well as inquiries on how these networks are used for generating work. Another important aspect perused was whether or not the networks are dependent on specific geographical locations in order to function. A case study and comparative analysis was undertaken, based upon three qualitative interviews with entrepreneurs whose operations shared several similar characteristics. The results pointed out the importance of constantly making new contacts, and maintaining and managing current ones.

Uppsatsen behandlar det finansiella instrumentet Contract for Differences (CFD) i förhållande till främst flaggnings- och budpliktsreglerna och sekundärt i förhållande till reglerna om otillbörlig marknadspåverkan. Flaggningsreglerna föreskriver en plikt att informera marknaden då man ökar eller minskar sitt aktieinnehav i ett noterat bolag över vissa gränsvärden, antingen vad gäller rösträtter eller andel av samtliga aktier i bolaget. Härigenom främjas transparensen på marknaden. Budplikt innebär en skyldighet att rikta förvärvserbjudande till samtliga aktieägare i ett noterat bolag när man uppnår 30 procent eller mer av det totala röstetalet i ett noterat bolag. Budplikten är betydligt mer ingripande än flaggningsplikten.

Stockholm has in recent years experienced a strong population increase but despite that fact, the demand for housing has not been followed by enough housing contracts. According to forecasts, growth in population will further be continued upward. With more condominiums than rental units on the market, new apartments are too expensive to live in. This creates unsustainable problems for those in lower classes of society. Creating a housing market in the periphery of Stockholm is not sustainable from a social perspective.

Section 25-27, i.e. the rights of priority of the Employment Protection Act, is a form of post-employment protection which exists to support those employed on a part-time basis and former employees. When a vacancy arises an employer should first and foremost offer part-time employees employment at a higher level of occupation or offer employment to former employees. The various types of employment contracts, other than those valid for an indefinite term, have increased during the last decades on the Swedish labour market. Labour hire has become more common and therefore we find it interesting to investigate how the rights of priority apply.The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze the law with regards to labour hire when people with rights of priority are available.

Denna uppsats grundar sig i den teoretiska konflikten mellan den i Sverige gällande löftesprincipen och kontraktsprincipen som är den gällande principen i den internationella köplagen, United Nation Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, CISG. Uppsatsen tar avstamp i det faktum att de nordiska länderna har valt att inte ratificera den del i CISG som rör avtalsingående. Vi har utrett vilka praktiska konsekvenser dessa skillnader får och om det finns något behov för Sverige att ansluta sig till den del av CISG som behandlar avtalsingående. Uppsatsen består först av en litteraturbaserad del som redogör för de olika anbudsprinciperna, CISG och avslutningsvis innebörden av letter of intent och standardavtal i korthet. För att undersöka hur detta fungerar i praktiken har vi utöver studier av juridisk doktrin valt att intervjua anställda på Stora Enso.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att utreda huruvida avtalslagens (AvtL) anbud-accept modell är tillämplig vid avtalsslut genom förhandlingar. Denna modell som stadgas i lagens 1 § föreskriver att ett avtal kommer till stånd genom att ett anbud besvaras med en överensstämmande accept. Detta är ett uttryck för den gemensamma partsviljan som är utgångspunkten för avtalsbundenhet i den svenska avtalsrätten. Vid förhandlingar bollas olika förslag fram och tillbaka mellan parterna och dessa förhandlingsbud anses ej som juridiskt bindande. Att försöka passa in detta förfaringssätt i modellens termer av anbud och accept blir därför inte helt lätt vilket medför svårigheter med att avgöra en tidpunkt för avtalsbundenhetens inträde.

Denna studie har gjorts i syfte att utreda vilka effekter som kommun, byggherre och bank upplever då en exploateringsfastighet överlåts till en byggherre först efter att byggnationer påbörjats inom ramen för en kommunal markanvisning. Studien har gjorts på förslag av Gävle kommun som sökt svar på om en överlåtelsetidpunkt efter byggstart kan vara ett instrument att uppnå rätt resultat då exploatering görs på kommunalt ägd mark. För att belysa effekterna har studien gjorts genom jämförelse av hur aktörer upplever förfarandet som tillämpas av Örebro kommun med hur aktörer upplever förfarandet som tillämpas av Gävle kommun. I Örebro kommun genomförs marköverlåtelsen till byggherren först efter att byggnationer påbörjats på fastigheten. I Gävle kommun sker normalt överlåtelsen innan byggstart även om svävarvillkor ibland förekommer vilket fördröjer byggherrens möjlighet att erhålla lagfart. För att förstå hur aktörerna kommun, byggherre och bank upplever effekterna har (1) semi-strukturerade, kvalitativa telefonintervjuer gjorts med aktörer på respektive orter. (2) Avtal om markanvisning har granskats för att förstå hur kommunerna reglerar sina respektive överlåtelsetidpunkter. Resultatet visar att tidpunkten för exploateringsfastighetens överlåtelse kan användas som instrument att förhindra spekulation med kommunalt ägd mark.

The changes in the Swedish meat- and meat processing industry have been substantial in recent years. These changes will alter the business environment for many companies. In order to be prepared to face new threats and new opportunities, companies should be actively working on these issues. Risk awareness and by developing of risk management strategies companies can act quickly and effectively when the conditions changes. The objective of this study is to analyse whether and why companies in the Swedish meat- and meat processing industry use various forms of risk management strategies.

The transformation within the swedish infrastructure has been a slow process from thebeginning of time. For almost a decade, the traditional form of contracting regardingbuildings and foremost infrastructure has evolved contracting involving the owner to definethe outcome of the product, regardless involvement from the supposed contractor. As forthe swedish market, the traditional design-bid-build (DBB) have been the primary choice ofcontracting. Although changes have been made over time regarding contracting formswithin the road administration, the railway sector has not improved or justified changesregarding choice of contracting, they have conducted same contracting relationshipsbetween them and the contractor.This bachelor thesis, conducted at the Swedish railway administration with supervision ofprofessor Kristian Widén at Lunds University, explores the forces behind the new era ofcontracting within the railway administration. This bachelor thesis focuses mainly oncontracting regarding design-build-operate-main (DBOM), the new contracting formulabetween the owner and the contractor.

The transformation within the swedish infrastructure has been a slow process from thebeginning of time. For almost a decade, the traditional form of contracting regardingbuildings and foremost infrastructure has evolved contracting involving the owner to definethe outcome of the product, regardless involvement from the supposed contractor. As forthe swedish market, the traditional design-bid-build (DBB) have been the primary choice ofcontracting. Although changes have been made over time regarding contracting formswithin the road administration, the railway sector has not improved or justified changesregarding choice of contracting, they have conducted same contracting relationshipsbetween them and the contractor.This bachelor thesis, conducted at the Swedish railway administration with supervision ofprofessor Kristian Widén at Lunds University, explores the forces behind the new era ofcontracting within the railway administration. This bachelor thesis focuses mainly oncontracting regarding design-build-operate-main (DBOM), the new contracting formulabetween the owner and the contractor.