For the company to work well, it is necessary with a good economy, a high qualitative production and a well working system concerning the environment: the whole cycle on the farm needs to be working. At the same time, debaters about the environmental impacts are also requiring higher demands for the dairy farmers and therefore also the management programs. Management programs for feed evaluation calculations have been more developed over the years. Big amounts have been invested in the new feeding system with NorFor, but no one seems to have asked the dairy farmers what they themselves want to spend their money on, and what they need help with. For the dairy farmers it is necessary that the whole company is controlled in the right way, and much more than just feed evaluation is included in this.

The background of this work is the media discussion about the effect of cultivation on peatsoils on greenhouse gas emissions. It has been argued that row sown and intensivelycultivated crops such as carrots are more likely to emit carbon dioxide than for example grassleys. The association KRAV (an association promoting organic farming) shall, from this yearadapt their environmental policy to be more climate smart and have asked the question if thecultivation of some crops is more climate smart than others? Carbon dioxide emissions fromsoil are due to degradation of organic material and the rate is controlled by microbial activity.The microbial activity is determined by a variety of factors such as temperature, soil organicmatter quality and water content. I have measured the carbon dioxide emission from fourdifferent crops at two different farms.

Om man vill minimera behovet av köpt energi är det bästa sättet att se till att så lite värme och luft som möjligt läcker ut ur byggnaden. En betydande del av värmen i byggnader med normal standard går förlorad genom det omgivande klimatskalet, det vill säga genom tak, väggar, fönster, dörrar och golv. Hög lufttäthet i en byggnad ger bättre lönsamhet genom att den skapar en bättre inomhusmiljö och ger lägre energianvändning. Det krävs normalt tillskott av energi för att balansera energiförluster av olika slag. En byggnads energianvändning är den energi som köps in för normalt brukande under ett normalår och fastighetsenergi.

The housing sector uses 40 % of the energy in Sweden and half of the electricity usage. Theuse of energy is the main reason to the increasing rate of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.This is the main motive but also a wish of higher safety, that is a higher rate of selfsufficientenergy production in Sweden, we want to decrease the need of using fossil fuel. Now whenthe energy price rise, the interest in energy issues increase and more people discuss thepossibility of reducing the usage of fossil fuel. A change to renewable energy such as sun,wind and water is the only solution where we can get a sustainable development.One way to contribute to a better use of energy is to build in the principle of passive house.The house is being built with a thick and tight insulation. If you use a heat-exchanger withhigh degree of efficiency and a final heating battery on the ventilation system, the heat fromlamps, devices and the ones living in the house should be enough to fulfil the criteria ofliving.

Background: Urinary tract infections caused by indwelling urinary catheters causes unneccesay suffering among those it affects. These infections are also financially straining on the health care services. It is therefore of importance to gain knowledge about which evidence based preventive interventions that have the possibility to reduce the risk for bacteriuria and urinary tract infections among patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Aim: This study aimed to compile available knowledge concerning i) if silver alloy catheters does reduce bacteriuria in this patient group, ii) if aseptic catheterization does reduce bacteriuria in this patientgroup, iii) which routines for changing the urinary drainage bag reduces the risk of bacteriuria, iv) which routine genital hygenic care reduces the risk of bacteriuria? Method: Litterature was searched for in the data bases Cinahl, Medline and The Cochrane Library using the data bases? thesaurius combined with OR/AND.

Detta arbete innefattar en undersökning av Hotell Inlandia i Norsjö på uppdrag av Norsjö kommun för att hitta de delar som är gamla, ineffektiva och dåliga för att sedan ta fram förslag på förbättringar för att minska energiförbrukning, kostnader och förnya vissa delar.De delar som undersökts är:? Värmekällan? Värmesystem, radiatorer? Fönster? Ventilation? Vattenflöden i duschar och kranarEn undersökning av fönster och beräkning av värmeförluster genom dessa har gjorts för att se hur mycket uppvärmningsbehovet kan minska genom att byta till nya fönster med lägre värmegenomgångstal, U-värde. En offert har tagits fram på nya fönster som använts för att jämföra med de gamla och genom att byta till nya fönster kan det faktiska årliga energibehovet minska med ungefär 33,8 MWh per år och för att förstå ungefär hur mycket det är så kan det jämföras med energiförbrukningen i en genomsnittlig svensk villa som ligger på 25 MWh per år.Beräkningar har gjorts på dusch- och kranmunstycken för att se hur mycket besparingar som skulle kunna göras genom att byta ut gamla munstycken med högt flöde till nya vattensparande. Genom att byta ut de gamla duschmunstyckena som släpper ut ca 19 liter vatten per minut mot nya effektiva som släpper ut ca 6 liter per minut kommer uppvärmningskostnaderna för vattnet genom duschning att minska från 3800 kronor till 1194 kronor. Detta gäller om det bor två personer i ett rum som duschar 10 minuter per dag i ett helt år.

Dystocia, or difficult birth, is a commonly seen complication to natural birth in veterinary hospitals. Although other methods of resolving dystocia exist, 60 % of dystocias will need to undergo caesarean section. To perform a caesarean section, the bitch will have to undergo anesthesia. The purpose of this literary study was to provide a deeper understanding regarding how the physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy influence anesthetic management in the bitch and puppies. Which anesthetic drugs and drug combinations indicated was also investigated as well as how a veterinary nurse can optimize care of the mother throughout the procedure and how resuscitation of the puppies should be carried out for best possible outcome.

Abstract Children with neuropsychiatric disorders often require special arrangements from the society. These measures could target the child itself, its parents, or other parts of the social network surrounding the child. Parents of children with neuropsychiatric disorders are often deeply engaged both in their child and in these measures.Three parents of children with neuropsychiatric disorders, and four counselors in different habilitation centers, were interviewed. The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to describe the methods with which the counselors worked to support parents of children with neuropsychiatric disorders, and to understand how the parents experienced this support offered by the counselors.The qualitative interviews with counselors and parents followed a thematic interview guide. A structured interview form was used.

Kvinnor upplever mer halsont än män efter endotracheal intubation. Smärtan skattas postoperativt enligt visuell analog skala (VAS), det är riktat gällande smärtan till följd av det operativa ingreppet. Smärtskattning gällande halsont efter endotracheal intubation existerar inte. Tidigare studier har visat att en smalare diameter på endotrachealtuben (ETT) har minskat skattning av halsont postoperativt. En smalare ETT har visat sig kunna innebära att gasflödet genom tuben hindras samt att den lättare kan täppas igen av sekret.

I denna rapport framgår vilken energibesparing som är möjlig i vissa processer hos Ankarsrum Industries. Hypotesen var att sänka företagets energikostnader med 30 %.Företagets analyserade stödprocesser omfattar tryckluft, belysning och ventilation och lokalkomfort. Tryckluftsproduktionen kostar idag 259 000 kronor om året. Företaget har ett tryckluftsläckage som uppgår till 113 000 kronor. Om läckage tätas och en ny kompressor investeras kan företaget spara 160 000 kronor per år.Belysningen i företagets lokaler består av flera olika typer av armaturer med varierande kvalitet.

Shock absorber units play a key role in establishing the driving dynamics and performance of automobiles. Öhlins Racing has manufactured high-tech automotive shock absorbers for over 30 years. Öhlins Racing?s advanced technology has contributed to over 200 world championships in automobile racing. Öhlin?s manufacturing process has long utilized automated fluid filling equipment during the final shock absorber unit assembly stage. The filling process consists of vacuum pumping the shock absorber unit and subsequent transfer of fluid. Vacuum pumping is necessary to remove residual air from the shock absorber unit prior to initiating the liquid filling stage. The presence of undesirable gases drastically compromises the performance of a shock absorber. The filling degree, defined as the final ratio of air to oil, is determined by the specific filling protocol as well as the specific equipment utilized.The current investigation aims to develop a viable technique to accurately determine residual air content in shock absorber units. If the filling degree can be appropriately quantified for a specific manufacturing process, then the air/oil ratio may be quantitatively related to shock absorber performance. The utilized measurement method must be completely integrated into the manufacturing process to guarantee shock absorber performance specifications according to the manufacturer?s standards. By utilizing the measurement method developed in this work, the manufacturing process, manufacturing equipment and product specifications can all be tailored to provide improved filling conditions.The developed measurement method provides accurate quantification of the filling degree under a wide range of processing conditions. The method establishes the relative quantity of air in the shock absorber unit by performing in-situ compressibility tests. The fill ratio can be controlled and varied by manipulating the vacuum pressure exerted during the filling process. Performance tests, however, indicate no correlation between filling degree and unit performance..

Introduktion:I början av 2000-talet blev telefonrådgivning en starkt växande metod för patientkontakt dit människor kunde ringa för råd och stöd. Flera studier belyser olika faktorer i den kliniska arbetsmiljön eller omgivningen, som kan påverka sjuksköterskors beslut om vård, samt resultat av den vård som ges. I de flesta av de beskrivna arbetsmiljöerna möter sjuksköterskan den vårdsökande ansikte mot ansikte. Få studier belyser telefonsjuksköterskors arbetsmiljö i telefonrådgivningen på vårdcentral, samt hur arbetsmiljön påverkar sjuksköterskors kommunikation med den vårdsökande och besluten som tas. Syfte:Syftet med arbetet är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av arbetsmiljön i telefonrådgivningen på vårdcentral.

Background: Sweden is a country where vitamin D deficiency seems to be common, partly because of its geographical position, which reduces the availability of UVB radiation, but also that people avoid sunlight due to increased skin cancer risk. Research shows that vitamin D plays an important role in the prevention of many diseases such as cancer as well as autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases.Vitamin D is a fat soluble pre-hormone and a collective name for closely related compounds which act as hormones after undergoing a transformation in the body.Humans can utilize vitamin D through diet and produce it in the body by exposing the skin to the sun. Previous observational studies and epidemiological studies have established a hypothesis that there seems to be an association between vitamin D supplementation and reduction of depressive symptoms.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate if vitamin D supplements may decrease depressive symptoms.Methods: This work is organized as a literature review and article search is made in the database PubMed in January 2012. Keywords used were ?vitamin D and depression? and inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials, be conducted on humans, written in English.

The study is based on a new approach on how Swedish healthcare is supposed to be controlled and organized. There is a renowned administration problem within Swedish healthcare, which seems to be an obstacle to exploit the resources to the fullest. The latest venture within the healthcare system is patient involvement, where the patients become co-producers of their own care, which aims to both improve and make healthcare more efficient. A few wards in Sweden have implemented this new approach whereupon the study intends to discuss the effectiveness and efficiency in some of these.The study is restricted to three wards, whereof two of these are inpatient wards and the other one is an outpatient ward, within the medical clinic in Jönköping County Council, which has implemented the patient involvement approach in their daily work. The methodology for this study is qualitative in its nature where a time study of personnel time allocation and supplementary interviews with managing nurses on the wards have been conducted.

A large number of rivers in northern Sweden have hydropower developments that cause negative effects on both up- and downstream migrations of anadromous species like Atlantic salmon. So far, most attention has focused on the hindrances of adult fish during their upstream spawning migration. However, since turbines in power stations cause losses on downstream passing fish, the focus on negative effects on smolts has increased. The aim of this study was to compare three different causes of losses of salmon smolts passing downstream through a power station area in the flow-controlled River Åbyälven in northern Sweden.A total of 61 wild salmon smolts were caught and radio-tagged in the River Åbyälven during their downstream migration in June 2009. The salmon smolts were released at three locations, 1.1 km upstream from the power station, in the turbine intake and in the upper part of a fishway, acting both for up- and downstream fish passage.