A clean and affordable energy source for cooking is deficient in developing countries. People rely on fuels that contribute to environmental, social and health problems.Biogas is an alternative energy source and an increased investment in small-scale biogas production can in several developing countries be found. Several projects have started to use the technology in developing countries because of the benefits with biogas. Some cases in the establishment of biogas plants have succeeded and some have not. The study is a literature review supplemented by two field studies.

Future emission legislation puts great emphasis on increasing the efficiency of the engine, thereby reducing fuel consumption. The tribological contact between cylinder liner and piston ring is where an great amount of energy is lost due to friction, and by reducing these losses an reduction in fuel consumption can be achieved.The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the tested piston ring coatings against a plasma sprayed cylinder liner and rank these combinations of materials for friction and wear resistance. The coatings that were tested was Cr + Al2O3, (Al,Cr)N, two types of CrN and WC / C.The experimental tests were performed with a so-called pin-plate, where used oil with addition of an acidic mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to mimic the acidic condensate formed when exhausts recirculate, were added with a continuous flow. The results were then analyzed by weighing, studies by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profile measurements.The results from each material combination were that the plasma coated cylinder liner wears too aggressively in order to yield a ranking of the piston ring coatings based on the parameters of friction and wear resistance. It is therefore proposed that an alternative coating on the cylinder liner should be developed, lacking the large abrasive wear on piston rings and that can withstand the corrosive environment resulting in engines equipped with EGR.

The Sand Catcher                                                       The thesis project The Sand Catcher investigates the encounter between permanent structures and an ever-changing landscape. The migrating sand dune Råbjerg Mile in northern Denmark is 40 meters high and moves more than 15 meters every year. By introducing a solid structure on the site, the fast movement of the sand dune is emphasised and thereby our view of time and space.Through intuitively building models with varied openings and densities I investigated how architectural elements react with sand. From these experiments a series of spatial features and effects were found, generated from the meeting with the sand.The Sand Catcher is a solid and permanent structure. The sand is the liquid element that generates new spaces, circulations and experiences.

Abstract 1.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects whole body vibrations on maximal strength, power output and neuromuscular activity in m. pectoralis major during bench press.Participants consisted of 35 male and 9 female military high school students (m=23, 1 years). On the basis of initial maximal performances in bench press the participants was divided into two experiments groups and one control group. Intervention groups performed a specifically designed push up program on a vibrating plate respectively a step board during 12 weeks Initial load at 60 % of 1 RM showed an average of 46, 5 kg. All groups showed an average increase of 13 kg for each person after 12 weeks.

Enköping?s Rugby Club has long lacked a bigger hall to gather their members in, where they can meet and socializes outside trainings and games. Thanks to Enköping?s municipality, The Swedish Inheritance Fund, Swedish Sports Confederation, sponsors and club members the clubhouse will be built out with additional 100 square meters.The project is planned in two phases of which phase one is the buildup of the new clubhouse and phase two is the renovation of the existing part. Phase one started with the first groundbreaking in December 2006 and was finished for the season 2007.

När en konstruktion byggs på det viset att dess bottenplatta hamnar under grundvattenytan, skapas ett grundvattentryck upp mot bottenplattan och konstruktionen, som kan åstadkomma stora problem. Grundvattnet, som tryckts undan av konstruktionen, vill nå upp till sin ursprungliga nivå och därmed trycka med sig konstruktionen upp. Detta fenomen kallas hydraulisk bottenupptryckning. Fenomenet kan motverkas på olika sätt, där rapporten beaktar två olika sätt att motverka hydraulisk bottenupptryckning på: genom en bottenplatta som är tyngre än grundvattentrycket eller förankra bottenplattan mot ett fast underlag.Genom att uppmärksamma och sammanställa projekt (huvudsakligen konstruerade av Tyréns) som tagit hänsyn till ovan nämnda fenomen vid dimensioneringen av bottenplattan, har en rapport skapats. Denna rapport ska finnas för att åstadkomma kunskapsåterföring av de problem som uppstått i projekten och deras lösningar.Utöver att skapa en rapport där de berörda projekten sammanställs ska en bottenplatta optimeras, huvudsakligen med hänseende till bottenplattans tjocklek och dess bärförmåga mot genomstansning för olika förankringstyper.

The Sand Catcher                                                       The thesis project The Sand Catcher investigates the encounter between permanent structures and an ever-changing landscape. The migrating sand dune Råbjerg Mile in northern Denmark is 40 meters high and moves more than 15 meters every year. By introducing a solid structure on the site, the fast movement of the sand dune is emphasised and thereby our view of time and space.Through intuitively building models with varied openings and densities I investigated how architectural elements react with sand. From these experiments a series of spatial features and effects were found, generated from the meeting with the sand.The Sand Catcher is a solid and permanent structure. The sand is the liquid element that generates new spaces, circulations and experiences.

Earlier investigations showed that damages on timber from feeding rolls could be within the lower classes of damage according to VMRs classes. Knowledge about differences in productivity between kind types and aggressive types of feeding rolls is necessary because it should influence the question about damages on timber caused by different feeding rolls. In this study the production and timber damage in a harvesting head were evaluated at three levels of pressure (8, 10 and 14 MPa) on the feeding rolls, and with three different types of rolls. One type, the rubber cushioned steel plate roller had 10 mm studs and rubber damping, one ?middle? type made of solid steel with 14 mm studs, and one aggressive type, also made of solid steel with 18 mm studs.

Future emission legislation puts great emphasis on increasing the efficiency of the engine, thereby reducing fuel consumption. The tribological contact between cylinder liner and piston ring is where an great amount of energy is lost due to friction, and by reducing these losses an reduction in fuel consumption can be achieved.The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the tested piston ring coatings against a plasma sprayed cylinder liner and rank these combinations of materials for friction and wear resistance. The coatings that were tested was Cr + Al2O3, (Al,Cr)N, two types of CrN and WC / C.The experimental tests were performed with a so-called pin-plate, where used oil with addition of an acidic mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to mimic the acidic condensate formed when exhausts recirculate, were added with a continuous flow. The results were then analyzed by weighing, studies by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profile measurements.The results from each material combination were that the plasma coated cylinder liner wears too aggressively in order to yield a ranking of the piston ring coatings based on the parameters of friction and wear resistance. It is therefore proposed that an alternative coating on the cylinder liner should be developed, lacking the large abrasive wear on piston rings and that can withstand the corrosive environment resulting in engines equipped with EGR.

När en konstruktion byggs på det viset att dess bottenplatta hamnar under grundvattenytan, skapas ett grundvattentryck upp mot bottenplattan och konstruktionen, som kan åstadkomma stora problem. Grundvattnet, som tryckts undan av konstruktionen, vill nå upp till sin ursprungliga nivå och därmed trycka med sig konstruktionen upp. Detta fenomen kallas hydraulisk bottenupptryckning. Fenomenet kan motverkas på olika sätt, där rapporten beaktar två olika sätt att motverka hydraulisk bottenupptryckning på: genom en bottenplatta som är tyngre än grundvattentrycket eller förankra bottenplattan mot ett fast underlag.Genom att uppmärksamma och sammanställa projekt (huvudsakligen konstruerade av Tyréns) som tagit hänsyn till ovan nämnda fenomen vid dimensioneringen av bottenplattan, har en rapport skapats. Denna rapport ska finnas för att åstadkomma kunskapsåterföring av de problem som uppstått i projekten och deras lösningar.Utöver att skapa en rapport där de berörda projekten sammanställs ska en bottenplatta optimeras, huvudsakligen med hänseende till bottenplattans tjocklek och dess bärförmåga mot genomstansning för olika förankringstyper.

The Sand Catcher                                                       The thesis project The Sand Catcher investigates the encounter between permanent structures and an ever-changing landscape. The migrating sand dune Råbjerg Mile in northern Denmark is 40 meters high and moves more than 15 meters every year. By introducing a solid structure on the site, the fast movement of the sand dune is emphasised and thereby our view of time and space.Through intuitively building models with varied openings and densities I investigated how architectural elements react with sand. From these experiments a series of spatial features and effects were found, generated from the meeting with the sand.The Sand Catcher is a solid and permanent structure. The sand is the liquid element that generates new spaces, circulations and experiences.

The hotel is located on Skatholmen in the archipelago of Stockholm, Värmdö county. The hotel building has an open structure characterized by hospitality and the nature outside. The rooms have stunning views of the island landscape and lush forest. With biodiversity and valuable nature in mind, the building has been designed with a structure that should not be too intrusive in the surrounding landscape. The building is meant to blend into the dark silhouette of the island and to give a light footprint on the topography of the landscape.The use of well-chosen materials and similar design, both in plan and facade, creates a consistent building despite the building's somewhat playful expression.

Koagulas-negativa stafylokocker (KNS) klassas som en viktig del av hudens normalflora. Vid skador på hudens barriär som en inläggning av centrala venkatetrar (CVK) innebär kan dock KNS få tillträde till normalt sterila lokaler där de kan orsaka infektion. Vid utodling av borttagna CVK från patienter resistensbestäms bara några enstaka kolonier vilket gör det lätt att missa förekomst av flera olika stafylokock-kloner. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ofta en eller flera olika KNS-kloner förekommer på CVK från patienter, samt om det förekommer gemensamma kloner av KNS på CVK från olika patienter. Kolonier från CVK prov analyserades med den biokemiska fingerprintingmetoden Phene Plate-system (PhP).

The BA thesis Front Yard Gardens ? spatiality, design elements, expression and social aspects is a summary of the entrance and front yard garden phenomenon ? where the entrance is the set design and the designer is the director. The thesis touches the social context of which entrances have been and still are shaped. The various appearance of the entrance and front yard gardens throughout the history, starting with the first entrance by the edge of the wood and coming up to the front yard gardens of today, is described. It touches the present day through an analysis of some entrances and front yard gardens of modern residential areas.

The objective of this study was to assess validity and reliability for five different owner-completed instruments evaluated to assess chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats. All of the instruments were questionnaires, three asking about behavioral changes, one about the degree of pain and one about quality of life. One of the instruments was written originally in Swedish, the other four instruments were translated into Swedish before use. Data available were records from 57 cats with no signs of pain and 11 cats with different pain-related diagnoses. The diagnoses were ensured by clinical examination including palpation and manipulation of joints, gait testing on a force-plate and X-ray scans. Instrument 1 was completed by 57 pain-free and 11 pain-affected cats.