This essay examines how the meaning of an absurd play may be affected by how the reader understands the text. To address this problem I have turned to Wolfgang Isers theory of reception. Primarily I have taken on that the creation of meaning comes about when the reader fills in blanks in the text. I have also used Martin Esslins work on the theater of the absurd. I have mainly studied his research on Harold Pinter.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the concept of permanent establishment, as defined in Article 5 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital, is applicable to electronic commerce and if so whether the current definition is able to appropriately deal with the challenges of electronic commerce.In 2003, the OECD added a new section to the Commentary on the Model Tax Convention on Article 5. The new section is a clarification on the application of the permanent establishment definition in electronic commerce.The current definition of permanent establishment in the Model Tax Convention relies on the physical presence of a foreign corporation as the threshold for source taxation. While the current definition, prima facie, might be applicable on electronic commerce, the highly mobile nature of electronic commerce might affect the current revenue distribution equilibrium between states..

Rising energy prices and higher energy demands have led to an increased focus on energy efficiency, in particular in the real estate business, where high potential for energy savings exists. Within the next few years, buildings that were constructed in the sixties and seventies will be in need of renovation. One of the challenges of these renovations will be to improve energy efficiency. A real estate company that is facing this challenge is Uppsalahem AB, based in the city of Uppsala, Sweden. This study focused on analyzing energy efficiency measures when renovating old buildings.

Today many industrial companies invest a lot of resources on research and development to resist the tough competition on the global market. This leads to a high risk game when the companies start many development projects, with uncertain outcome where some of the projects have to be terminated prematurely. The main purpose with this study is to identify factors, both internal and external, that influence the decision to terminate projects prematurely in Swedish development projects. Factors mentioned in the literature will be compared with case studies on three Swedish industrial companies to demonstrate the most important ones when taking such decisions. First a literature study was made to identify basic terms, a general project model and factors affecting the decision.

Management research has during the last decades devoted itself to finding new solutions as to how companies in a better and more efficient way can take advantage of the human resources to create added value. This brings up the problem of understanding, making visible and identifying these resources and to be able to influence them. A section of the issue of understanding that has grown stronger lately builds on the role of emotions in transformation of resources. Research into this issue has shown a discrepancy where a common view seldom can be assumed. This leads to the first aim of the essay; to create a theoretical framework for understanding and dealing with the role that emotions play when it comes to creating added value in a company.

Fungi are everywhere around us and recently, there has been an increased interest in their role and importance in the forest. The fungi have several strategies to acquire energy and nutrition; one example is a mutual symbiosis with trees and plants - another being dissolving organic materials. Attempts have been made to better understand the circulation of nutrition in coniferous forests, and how fungi cooperate. Trees and plants have adapted with mycorrhizae and are now interdependent which is important to consider in forestry. A great number of fungi depend on dead wood and old trees to set fruiting bodies and spread further. These fungi also create environments for other species, such as birds and insects. The vegetation of a forest is determined by a series of factors; tree species, how old the forest is, soil type, as well as the ability of the fungal spores to spread and establish. Furthermore, in determining vegetation, the fungi?s ability to compete in the soil matters. These factors are nearly unexplored. Researching fungi knowledge and interest, a survey was distributed to five groups of people. The groups included forest owners, high school teachers, high school students, senior citizens, and a fifth group - ?o he ? - consisting of people of mixed ages and backgrounds.

In this essay dog as a compatible model were put against human. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes were compared between dogs, human, cat and mouse. To evaluate dog as a model and study similarities and differences was the aim with this review. Dog as a model contributes to understand mechanisms behind autoimmune diseases and showed clearly histological similarities between human and dogs concerning the skin disease mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP)/cicatricial pemphgioid (CP). Further genetic evidence motivated the choice of using dog as a comprehensive model when the MHC-complex correlated with hypothyroiditis in Doberman dog as it does in human. Physiological similarities with low levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) together with high level of thyroid releasing hormone (TSH) were found in the same way as in human.

The general contract law principle of loyalty between negotiators, in deliberation, leads to a duty of disclosure for negotiators. The extent of this duty of disclosure is influenced by many different factors; amongst others the type of agreement, the negotiators knowledge and opportunity of procuring knowledge. The general duty of disclosure is both a part of the contract law principle of loyalty between negotiators in negotiating a contract, and an indirectly statutory obligation, that, if neglected will lead to nullification of the agreement. The legislator has stated that the general contract law, Lag (1915:218) om avtal och andra rättshandlingar på förmögenhetsrättens område (avtalslagen), should be used to regulate negotiating of contracts, including the negotiation of contracts of employment. In arbetsdomstolens judging, additional factors have been weighed in, and the judgement is done also through the use of a concept taken from employment law, the concept of ?saklig grund för uppsägning?.

  iiiAbstract?We are living in a time of project. Everything becomes project. All development, all efficient,all changes are running as project?.

Background: It is today common for companies to provide some sort of incentive for CEO's and senior management positions to motivate, retain and benefit employees within a company. This is in order to drive the goals of the CEO and management in the direction that is desired by the owner. Currently, the Swedish centre-right government has forbidden the use of such variable pay within state-owned companies. There are two different attitudes to variable pay, one that is in favour and one that rejects it. However most people agree on the fact that a well-functioning incentive scheme can be of great strategic importance for a company.Approach: has variable pay to CEO's had any effect on the company's profitability.Aim: the aim of the study is to compare companies who use variable pay to CEO's with companies that do not in relation to their profitability in terms of profit margins, yearly performance, returns on total capital and returns on equity.Method: the study uses a quantitative approach.

The purpose of this study is to give us a deeper understanding about street workers importance for youths. We also wanted to investigate this from a gender perspective, both considering the street workers but also the youths. The focus for this study is on both the street workers and the youths. The study is based on a qualitative approach. We were going to study people and their behaviors.

This Masters Degree thesis aims at giving an answer to what underlying ideologies are at work in digitizing our cultural heritage. Other questions to be answered are who are benefiting from a digitized cultural heritage and who are not, and what different opinions about digitizing our cultural heritage can be identified. Two studies are made in this thesis, one of Swedish political documents that concern digitizing our cultural heritage, libraries, museums and archives, and the other one is a study of documentation of three Swedish digitizing projects. In the first study three different, but closely associated ideologies are identified, namely a preserving, b giving access and c a mixture of both, and these are shown in a model. In the second study this model is then used to identify the ideologies of one project from each sector of the so called ABM-sector Archives, Libraries and Museums.

Arbetet har utförts på Saab Bofors Dynamics i Karlskoga och dess syfte var att undersöka om det är möjligt att använda modellbaserad prediktionsreglering, MPC, vid slutfasstyrning av en viss typ av robot. Som referensram används linjärkvadratisk reglering, LQ, eftersom denna reglermetod har undersökts tidigare och visat sig fungera bra vid slutfasstyrning, dock för en annan typ av robot. Anledningen till att man vill undersöka om det är möjligt att använda MPC är att styrlagen enkelt tar hand om begränsningar på systemet på ett direkt och intuitivt sätt.Styrlagarnas uppgift är att styra en robot i dess slutfas då det finns krav och önskemål på roboten som bör vara uppfyllda. Till exempel finns det begränsningar på styrsignalen samt önskemål om att träff ska ske i en viss träffpunkt och även med en viss träffvinkel. För att utvärdera resultaten undersöks och jämförs de två styrlagarnas prestanda och robusthet.För att kunna utvärdera styrlagarnas egenskaper och jämföra dem implementeras de båda i en befintlig detaljerad simuleringsmiljö, som har utvecklats på Saab Bofors Dynamics i Karlskoga.De prestanda och robusthetstester som har utförts uppvisar små skillnader på de två styrlagarna och slutsatsen blir därmed att det är möjligt att använda modellbaserad prediktionsreglering vid slutfasstyrning av en viss typ av robot eftersom det sedan tidigare är känt att linjärkvadratisk reglering är en bra styrlag att använda.

Arbetet har utförts på Saab Bofors Dynamics i Karlskoga och dess syfte var att undersöka om det är möjligt att använda modellbaserad prediktionsreglering, MPC, vid slutfasstyrning av en viss typ av robot. Som referensram används linjärkvadratisk reglering, LQ, eftersom denna reglermetod har undersökts tidigare och visat sig fungera bra vid slutfasstyrning, dock för en annan typ av robot. Anledningen till att man vill undersöka om det är möjligt att använda MPC är att styrlagen enkelt tar hand om begränsningar på systemet på ett direkt och intuitivt sätt.Styrlagarnas uppgift är att styra en robot i dess slutfas då det finns krav och önskemål på roboten som bör vara uppfyllda. Till exempel finns det begränsningar på styrsignalen samt önskemål om att träff ska ske i en viss träffpunkt och även med en viss träffvinkel. För att utvärdera resultaten undersöks och jämförs de två styrlagarnas prestanda och robusthet.För att kunna utvärdera styrlagarnas egenskaper och jämföra dem implementeras de båda i en befintlig detaljerad simuleringsmiljö, som har utvecklats på Saab Bofors Dynamics i Karlskoga.De prestanda och robusthetstester som har utförts uppvisar små skillnader på de två styrlagarna och slutsatsen blir därmed att det är möjligt att använda modellbaserad prediktionsreglering vid slutfasstyrning av en viss typ av robot eftersom det sedan tidigare är känt att linjärkvadratisk reglering är en bra styrlag att använda.

I have with this thesis sought to understand how chick lit could be useful in the classroom in the teaching of Swedish B-course in high school. Based on the model of critical literacy I am arguing that this genre would help to meet the objectives of the policy documents which, among other things, are to critically examine and analyze various types of texts.I have found that some of these texts could be used for analyzing and critically examine the ideological dimensions of texts and cultural heritage by the model of critical literacy, and also as a counterweight to the more traditional teaching of the canonical literature as a literary historical stuff that students should learn. I have also wanted to create a basis for discussions about literature in the classroom based on the chick lit genre. To do this I have, based on three themes and questions from the model of critical literacy, tried to focus on issues that might emerge from the ideological analysis and critical review. The model aims to deconstruct norms of society, and in the work of chick lit, I wanted to show how you could deconstruct norms around gender..