During the early Middle Ages beech forests (Fagus sylvatica L.) spread out over large parts of southern Sweden. They had a crucial role in human survival for hundreds of years. For various reasons, the beech forest area has decreased since the 1600s. Spruce planted on former beech forest land was the primary reason for the decline during the second half of the 1900s, which made many worried about the future of the beech forests and led to a beech forest act in 1974. This study describes the background to the beech forest act based on parliamentary official documents.

BakgrundAntalet svenskar som sparar i aktier har på 20 år mer än fördubblats. Värderingsmetoderna har genom tiderna förändrats. Kassaflödesvärdering dominerar för tillfället tillvägagångssätten att värdera företag/aktier. Det debatteras huruvida kassaflödesvärdering är en pålitlig metod eller ej. Det finns flera kassaflödesmodeller att välja bland.

High housing- and construction costs is a fact in Sweden today. Prices on building materials more rapidly than producer price index for industrial goods. Prices tend to rise during market boom but does not adapt during diminishing demand. The effects of fading demand can rather be deduced through discounts and quotations. During 1992-1998 when the Swedish construction sector found it self in severe crisis the prices of construction materials kept rising more rapidly than PPI for industrial merchandise.

The purpose of the essay is both to bring forward the threats images, sectors, actors and referents that can be found at the European border between 2007-2010 and to explore whether they change during this period. Furthermore, the essay also intends to review the Copenhagen School?s theory of securitization. The analysis of the essay will be done on the European commission?s ?Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges?, a rapport that focus on the European border and its enlargement.

Based on the Migration Board's statistics report, the number of children that has gone missing within a time interval of 4 years (2010-2014) comprises 1331 children in total, of whom 146 are girls and 1185 are boys. A rising interest about what has happened to those children created a Fundamental platform for this thesis. By reading Åkerman?s report from 2012, and the book De förlorade barnen: en rapport by Mikkelsen and Wagner (2013) the curiosity grew deeper. The research questions that were established were divided into three parts.

Bakgrund: Anomalier på aktiemarknader, som bubblor och krascher, har länge legat till grund för diskussioner kring relevansen av traditionella finansiella teorier om den effektiva marknaden och investerares rationalitet. Människorna bakom aktiemarknadens köp- och säljknappar handlar inte alltid rationellt utan påverkas inför ett investeringsbeslut av rykten, information, media, analyser, tips, beslutsproblematik, prestationspress och annat. Men hur hanterar börsens aktörer vetskapen om detta irrationella investeringsbeteende? Eftersom institutionella investerare, till exempel fondförvaltare, förfogar över en stor del av marknadens kapital har vi valt att undersöka hur just denna grupp hanterar psykologiska faktorer och anomalier på aktiemarknaden och om det i förlängningen leder till ett rationellt eller irrationellt investeringsbeteende.Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och förklara hur, och i vilken utsträckning, förvaltare av svenska aktiefonder tar hänsyn till psykologiska faktorer vid investeringsbeslut. Vidare syftar studien även till att undersöka om faktorernas effekt ändras i olika marknadssituationer.

Bakgrund: Aktieindex används världen över som placeringsalternativ, jämförelsemått inom portföljförvaltning och som underlag för portföljoptimering. Forskare har under senare tid ifrågasatt index viktade efter börsvärdet och alternativa viktningsmetoder för index har framtagits som substitut till det kapitalviktade indexet och prestationsjämförelser har gjorts. Studier har främst gjorts i USA och denna studie ämnar göra en liknande undersökning på den svenska marknaden. Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka alternativa viktningsmetoder på det svenska aktieindexet OMXS30 och dess historiska prestation under åren 1995-2011 i förhållande till det traditionellt kapitalviktade OMXS30. Syftet är vidare att analysera de alternativt viktade indexen som grund för portföljoptimering enligt Single-Index Model. Genomförande: Fem alternativt viktade index konstrueras i studien där viktningen grundas på Fundamentala värden, Sharpekvoter, standardavvikelse, likaviktning och handelsvolym och jämförs prestationsmässigt mot OMXS30. Indexen används sedan vid portföljoptimering enligt SIM där aktiers och portföljers karakteristika analyseras.

Methadone is frequently used as an analgesic drug for dogs although there are very few studies describing the pharmacokinetics of methadone in this species. In man methadone has a long half-life and there are considerable differences in pharmacokinetics between individuals. The dose interval is lengthened when the drug is used fore longer periods of time due to prolonged half-life. Therefore the drug dose must be adjusted individually. The purpose of this study was to study the Fundamental pharmacokinetics of methadone in dogs, and to find an optimal drug dosage.

SummaryEurope?s public authorities are influential consumers. If they spend their money on greener products and services they can make an important contribution to the work towards a sustainable development. Green public procurement can thereby significantly improve the take-up of new environmental technologies. Through the effects of economies of scale, production costs be lowered and better equip us to fight environmental problems.

SammanfattningSyftet med denna uppsats är att söka svar på vilka analytiska verktyg som krävs för att förstå villkoren för mänskligt handlande. Min tes är att den diskursteoretiska epistemologi som kommit att dominera samtida feministisk forskning - i uppsatsen representerad främst av Judith Butler - inte tillhandahåller dessa analytiska verktyg. För att pröva denna tes har jag intervjuat fem heterosexuella, feministiska män om deras erfarenheter av sex. Jag frågar mig: på vilket sätt bestäms intervjupersonernas sexuella interaktion med kvinnor av deras respektive positioner som heterosexuella män och som feminister? I min analys tillämpar jag ett dialektiskt angreppssätt och stöder mig framför allt på Margaret Archers teoribygge.Min slutsats blir att det, för att i detalj kunna blottlägga villkoren för männens handlande, är Fundamentalt att göra den typ av distinktioner som diskursteorin emotsätter sig - mellan subjektivt och objektivt, diskurs och praktik, etcetera.

Adjustment to acquired hearing loss can be understood as a process of learning and change where the point of departure is the subjective apppraisal of a person?s hearing loss in a social and cultural context. The aim of the study was to describe women?s thoughts, emotions and actions prior to audiological rehabilitation, since these are considered important for the ongoing process of adjustment and for the planning of rehabilitation. A phenomenographical approach was used in order to describe the variation in the women?s attitudes before attending rehabilitation.

The goal of this thesis was to explore how real estate investment companies are affected by a weaker world economy. The reason to investigate this was that in the 90s in Sweden, the housing market crashed in conjunction with the bank collapse. Therefore I have looked at how the commercial real estate companies would be affected if we were to have a double dip recession, because it has been confirmed by Gyourko that commercial real estate market and the housing market tend to react in the same way on new Fundamental information. This was examined through a sensitivity analysis, one investigated the effect of falling rent income and the second analysis looked at the effect of higher interest costs. I found that IAS 40 rule about unrealized profits of properties affected the results in a significant matter and therefore decided to include the regulation in my thesis.

The increased interest in a sustainable environment puts pressure on companies in the manufacturing industry. Rexcell Tissue & Airlaid AB (Rexcell) in Skåpafors produces paper to be converted into tabletop and hygiene products. Rexcell is certified according to the environmental management system ISO 14001, gaining competitive advantages by showing that the company works toward a sustainable environment and that they follow current legislation. The activities at the company are classified as hazardous to the environment according to the Environmental code. Every year, the activities are inspected by an independent inspector.

Purpose: This paper aims to describe the socialization process that audit associates experience within an auditing firm that is included in the Big 4-sphere. Our purpose is also to describe which attributes that characterize the organizational identity, and how these attributes are reflected in the self-image of the associates. Furthermore, we seek to explain how the socialization process has influenced the organizational identification. This subject is of interest since the business of auditing is facing higher demands from regulators and politicians, due to the bankruptcy of HQ-bank among others during the financial crisis in the beginning of the 21st century. Earlier research claims that the socialization process of recruits, especially in the initial state of the employment, has a major impact on their future values and attitudes in their job performance.

Various electromagnetic (EM) treatments has been investigated for their potential in improving crop productivity over the past century. There is today an increasing amount of scientists advocating EM treatments as an organically compatible method for improving plant growth and yield. However, failure to produce repeatable effects and defining causal mechanisms has made it a study of much controversy and debate. The subject requires indepth interdisciplinary knowledge, making it inaccessible for the majority of biologists, horticulturists and growers. In this combined literature review and pilot study, these issues are addressed by providing a comprehensive introductory review of the topic plant bioelectromagnetics and its potential horticultural usability.