The society has strongly developed and changed the condition of the trades. The retail trade is no exception; it has changed and developed in the same pace as society. The retail trade is a very broad and extensive trade as all people come in contact with frequently. In the past people shopped locally but nowadays people have the entire world as their marketplace because of the development of Internet. Globalisation gives customers wider opportunities, which demands new and different sales concepts.

Officially, the EU gender policy since 2000 has been guided by the strategy of Gender Mainstreaming. This strategy aims to promote gender equality and is informed by a feminist ontology which stipulates that women are structurally subordinated.In this essay, I examine whether the European Commission has adequately adhered to this gender policy in its free trade negotiations with the ACP (African, Caribbean, and Pacific) countries as part of the Cotonou Agreement. As a result of my text analysis of documents related to the negotiations, opinion pieces by interested actors and policy papers of the EU, I find that the Commission does not act in accordance to its stated gender policy.To explain this discrepancy between policy intent and actions, I employ postliberal feminist theory and Robert Putnam's Two-Level Game Theory Model. By analyzing statistics and published research, I explore how gender issues are being represented politically on a domestic and international level.My findings show that a key cause of this discrepancy lies in the low levels of female participation in the political institutions of the EU and ACP; a lack of participation that is especially pronounced in the area of international economics. In explaining the constraints on female participation and the prospects of full implementation of the EU's gender policy in the international political economy, I emphasize the role of culturally and historically gendered institutions..

During the Nordic Bronze Age, houses were not exclusively connected with profane contexts, but did also feature in burial places, a peculiar fact when considering the careful separation of settlements and graves. What kind of houses do we find in these sacred contexts? What did these houses stand for? Why was the house symbolism chosen to accompany the dead? And why did the house symbolism flourish during the Nordic Bronze Age? To answer these questions three representatives for the house symbolism in Sweden are discussed in more detail, such as the burial in longhouses, peculiar houses called cult houses and house urns. Further, the phenomenon has been put in its temporal, geographic, social and ideological context, where aspects such as trade and settlement structure are presented. The house symbolism is, however, not confined to northern Europe.

A computer model based on minimization of the free energy, capable to predict contact angles and spreading transitions between Wenzel and Cassie mode for drops placed on surfaces with different topography were implemented in matlab. Simulations were compared with experiments documented in the literature. These showed that reported transitions between Cassie and Wenzel mode can be explained by minimization of the free energy. In this report, a study on the possibility of constructing water repellent paper surfaces with a combination of treatment with octadecyltrichlorosilane and topography changes, is included..

Bath has been a part of human history for a long time. Today bathing/swimming inmunicipal pools is for people of all ages and it is possible to take swimming courses,exercise or enjoy recreation. The municipal indoor pool of Hogdalen in Sweden wasbuild in the sixties and has had problems with high levels of heterotrophic bacteria. Thefacility has two larger pools, one adventure park for young kids, two smaller bath tubsand a jacuzzi. To improve water quality UV light and coal filter were installed inOctober 2009 to the already existing purification system.

Rent generellt gäller att en stor förståelse för Kinas affärskultur är av stor vikt för att ett svenskt företag ska kunna lyckas skapa en framgångsrik affärsrelation med kinesiska leverantörer. Men om kapitalet inte finns är det näst intill likgiltigt huruvida förståelsen för affärskulturen finns, då kapitalet är en av de viktigaste prioriteterna. Studiens resultat visar att IKEA genom att sikta på långsiktiga relationer kan följa sina leverantörers arbete och på längre sikt effektivisera produktionen. IKEA vill även genom relationerna skapa starka band till sina leverantörer. Vi har genom studien kommit fram till några specifika nyckelbegrepp som vi anser är av stor vikt för att kunna uppnå lyckade affärsrelationer vilka är: medvetenhet om Kinas kultur samt lagar, tålamod, kunskap inom sitt område, dubbelkontroller av överenskommelser och avtal, vara tillmötesgående angående aktiviteter utanför arbetet samt att ej göra handlingar som leder till att en kines tappar ansikte.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på hur Kinas senmoderna historia har inkorporerats i läromedel för svensk gymnasieundervisning. Med Kinas senmoderna historia menades här Folkrepubliken Kinas, 1949-2006. Svaret på frågan uppnåddes genom textanalyser av ett stort urval historieläroböcker för gymnasieundervisning 1971-2006.Förutom ovan nämnda huvudfråga ställde jag ett antal följdfrågor till källmaterialet: Vilka Kinabilder har förmedlats i svensk gymnasieundervisning? Kan man se förändringar respektive kontinuitet i läroböckernas urval och skildringar? Vilka historiebruk präglar läroböckerna och kan man i dessa urskilja Kinabildernas roll i den svenska historiekulturen?Den teoretiska modell jag använde mig av byggde på Edward Saids orientalismteori och andra forskares appliceringar av denna på Kina; Eva Blocks modell för tolkningar av bildbegrepp; samt den historiedidaktiska begreppsapparaten inkluderandes historiebruk, historiekultur, historiemedvetande och historieförmedling.Min undersökning visade att den plats Kinas senmoderna historia har beretts i läroböckerna under perioden inte har ökat i någon större utsträckning. Texterna är dock inte längre lika fragmentariskt utspridda, utan placeras i regel alltmer koncentrerat.

Abstract: The purpose with this study is to analyse the political debate about freedom of speech in Sweden and Denmark, after the caricatures of the Islamic Prophet Mohammed that the Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten published in September 2005. For this debate four political parties have been chosen. These are: Socialdemokratiska Partiet and Moderata Samlingspartiet in Sweden and Socialdemokraterne and Venstre in Denmark.An idea analysis has been chosen as method, and dimensions as an analysing tool. The overall result of the analysis is that right- and left political parties in Sweden and Denmark are more alike, than different in their political debate about free speech. They all wish for total freedom of speech, and see that as the foundation of the democratic society.

The quantity of methane emissions from sheep depend on several factors, for example, the composition of the diet, feed quality, the age of the animals, time of the day and maybe also breed and sex. A comprising literature review was made about which factors that affect the size of emissions. In addition, a questionnaire was sent to two farms, one with a more intensive production system and another with a more extensive system. Inventories of the two farms were made; the rest of the data needed to conduct the study was taken from literature and other sources. Meat produced at the more intensive farm caused emissions of 0.4 kg of methane per kg of bone free meat and the more extensive farm caused emissions of 0.9 kg methane per kg of bone free meat.

Förhållandet mellan handel och miljö är kontroversiellt inom The World Trade Organization (WTO) och arbetet på området präglas av motsättningar. WTO-kritiker har pekat på ett antal tvister inom WTO där WTO:s tvistlösningsorgan beslutat till nackdel för det land som har infört handelshindrande åtgärder för att skydda miljön. Utfallet kan tolkas som att miljöintresset förlorade mot handelsintresset. Det är dock tveksamt om man kan dra några slutsatser enbart genom att se till utfallet. Denna uppsats syftar till att bringa mera klarhet i hur WTO-reglerna balanserar frihandelsintresset mot miljöintresset.

Betydelsen av kulturer har ökat till följd av globaliseringen och uppkomsten av multinationella företag. En intressant aspekt är därför att undersöka huruvida det är nationell kultur eller organisationskultur som präglar ledarskapet i ett utländskt dotterbolag vars kultur är vitt skild från moderbolagets. Därför ämnar denna studie att undersöka vad som influerat utformningen av ledarskapet på det svenska multinationella företaget Perten Instruments dotterbolag i Kina. Detta genom att se om ledarskapet speglar landets egna nationella kultur eller om det har influerats av företagets organisationskultur och därmed mer stämmer överens med den svenska kulturen. Studien utfördes genom intervjuer med anställda på moderbolaget i Sverige och dotterbolaget i Kina.

The objective of this study was to assess validity and reliability for five different owner-completed instruments evaluated to assess chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats. All of the instruments were questionnaires, three asking about behavioral changes, one about the degree of pain and one about quality of life. One of the instruments was written originally in Swedish, the other four instruments were translated into Swedish before use. Data available were records from 57 cats with no signs of pain and 11 cats with different pain-related diagnoses. The diagnoses were ensured by clinical examination including palpation and manipulation of joints, gait testing on a force-plate and X-ray scans. Instrument 1 was completed by 57 pain-free and 11 pain-affected cats.

: Idag trängs ett stort antal aktörer inom prisvärt mode på en arena där kunden blivit allt mer medveten kring pris och kvalitet. Affärsidéer, som bygger på att erbjuda mode till fördelaktiga priser, sätter stor press på företagens kostnader där varken kvalitet eller design får påverkas negativt. En naturlig strategi för företag till minskade kostnader blir förläggning av produktion där stora kostnadsfördelar kan erhållas. Således har det under lång tid varit vanligt förekommande med företag som etablerar produktion i Asien, där bland annat låga löner agerar bidragande faktor till avsevärt lägre produktionskostnader. Begreppet backsourcing har på senare år kommit att diskuteras allt mer och en trend har kunnat ses där företag väljer att flytta hem verksamhet från dessa typer av lågkostnadsländer.

Along with the development of technology, the cross-border trade is increasing and therefore there is a need for greater consumer protection. A good consumer protection creates a feeling of safety for the consumer and that by itself may help to increase cross-border trade. This is one of the reasons for why the EU has established regulatory framework for electronic commerce, for example the Directive2000/31/EC. The direc-tive strives to create a similar law for electronic commerce within the European Union. This paper?s main purpose is to ensure that the directive is implemented properly in Swedish law, and if there are other possible ways to achieve the objective, other than the ones that the Swedish legislator has chosen.

There are many eco-brands on food products. It can be confusing for the consumer to know which one to trust or choose and since July 2012, there is an EU law and a mandatory EU organic label that must be displayed on all food products marketed as organic, eco or bio.Organic brands from a consumer perspective have previously been studied in England. This is a similar study in the form of focus groups, to explore and examine how consumers perceive and trust organic brand or labels in Sweden. It also explores which knowledge consumers have regarding why a product has an organic brand and what it means.The study shows that consumers perceive organic brands by brand recognition rather than knowledge regarding what each label means. It also shows that the consumer is confused by and skeptical to the wide range of markings and symbols on organic food products.