During one week (9-13 May, 2005) the use of veterinary diets for the hospitalised patients att the University clinic was registered. The animal owners were interviewed by telephone six months later about the feeding after coming home. Four out of ten animal owners answered yes to the question if the veterinarian had asked what food their animal normally consumed. Out of 35 animals, 15 (43%) were prescribed to a veterinary diet. Among cats it was 8 out of 14 (57%) and among dogs it was 7 out of 21 (33%). Four animals out of ten were recommended a veterinary diet when going home, but 20% did not follow the recommendation all the way through and stopped feeding their animal the veterinary diet. Reasons that were given was that the diet didn't last the entire period, that the animal didn't need the diet anymore according to the owner and one dog that became to lean when fed the diet. The diagnosis for these three dogs was vomiting, foreign body in the digestive system and bloody diarrhoea.

Bakgrund: Multiresistenta bakterier, däribland MRSA, är idag ett globalt samhällsproblem. Infektioner förorsakade av MRSA skapar ett onödigt lidande för patienter med utdragen vårdtid som i värsta fall kan resultera i ökad dödlighet. Enligt Smittskyddsinstitutet (2010) drabbades 1479 patienter förra året i Sverige. Med få verksamma antibiotika måste andra åtgärder tillämpas, så som basala hygienrutiner, screening, isoleringsvård och utökad städning av sjukhusmiljön. Det är dock viktigt att utvärdera åtgärdernas effekter för att kunna utföra smittskyddsarbete på bästa möjliga sätt.Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka effekterna av olika åtgärder i smittskyddsarbetet mot MRSA.Metod: Litteraturstudie med kvantitativ ansats baserad på tio vetenskapliga original artiklar.

 In his book Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982) Saul Kripke claims that Wittgenstein argues for a certain form of scepticism in his book Philosophical Investigations (1953), namely a new form of philosophical scepticism, a result of Wittgenstein´s idea of language as language games. Nihilism, scepticism of meaning or of concept, constitutive scepticism are other commentators´ different names of the same phenomenon. The philosophy of Wittgenstein accounts for how our words, including the words of mathematics, have no meaning and there are no a priori justified objective facts as to what I mean about a word. We follow the rules blindly and without justification. We are unable to find any facts against this proposal.

Bakgrund. Plötslig spädbarnsdöd definieras som när ett barn under ett år plötsligt och oförklarligt dör utan att dödsorsak går att fastställa. Det är den största dödsorsaken bland barn mellan en månad och ett år i utvecklade länder. Sjuksköterskan bör vara välinformerad om vetenskaplig forskning inom ämnet, och arbeta aktivt för att föra denna kunskap vidare till föräldrar.Syfte. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa sjuksköterskans roll och föräldrars följsamhet gällande information om plötslig spädbarnsdöd.Metod.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskors följsamhet till handhygien är en förutsättning för att förhindra smittspridning.Varje år skadas 100 000 patienter i vårdrelaterade infektioner och var tionde inneliggande patient drabbas. Vårdtiden förlängs med 4 dagar och detta kostar samhället oerhörda resurser och kostnader. Kontaktsmitta via sjukvårdspersonals händer är den vanligaste orsaken. Detta skulle kunna förhindras om sjukvårdspersonalen utför korrekt handhygien enligt de rekommenderade riktlinjerna. Syfte Syftet med studien var att belysa faktorer som påverkar hur sjuksköterskor inom den slutna vården följer riktlinjer för basala hygienrutiner gällande handhygien.

The Swedish Social Democratic Party was for a long time skeptical of Sweden?s opportunitiesto apply for membership in the European Community. Sweden?s longstanding policy ofneutrality was until the dramatic changes in Eastern Europe 1989 seen as an obstacle tomembership. These changes were an important factor to why the social democratic partychanged their position on the EC and in October 1990 applied for membership.

Plack och tandsten är den vanligaste åkomma hos hundar. Studier har visat att det effektivaste sättet att förhindra plack- och tandstensbildning är genom tandborstning. Dessvärre är compliance för detta lågt och många djurägare avstår från tandborstning, trots att de fått instruktioner i hur de ska gå tillväga. Därför var syftet med denna litteraturstudie att undersöka om och i vilken utsträckning fodervalet påverkar bildningen av plack och tandsten. Resultatet visar att torrfoder ger en minskning av plack och tandsten jämfört med att ge våtfoder, men det är inte allt torrfoder som är effektivt mot tandsten. Kommersiella torrfoderkulor har oftast en struktur som gör att foderkulan faller sönder när hundens tand penetrerar foderkulan.

This essay examines the expected impact of the statury audit exemption in Sweden from anauditor perspective and any conscious changes made on the accounting firms to meet the abolition.The theoretical framework is divided into three parts where the first deals with the concept of audit, who the stakeholders are to revised information, the auditor's function from an agent and positive accountingtheoretical perspective and the expectation gap of what an auditor cando and what the client expect audit to be. The second part deals with the audit exemptions and effects in Denmark and England. The last section addresses the current debate, studies and statements by FAR SRS, small businesses, banks and the tax authority.The essay is essentially inductive with a phenomenological operator perspective. The thesis has a qualitative approach with four respondents who are authorized or approved as an auditor with extensive experience, active on four different accounting firms. The questionnaire is divided into two parts where the first part consists of a number of very open questions and the other part of more structured questions in order to obtain comprehensive answers.The survey shows that a number of new services, certifications and authentication degrees are to be expected in Sweden aswell.

The amount of cargo has since the 1970s increased in Sweden and the road traffic accounts for a large part of the transported volume. In Stockholm County the amount of cargo is calculated to be doubled in size from year 2001 to 2020 which means a greater need for transport is required. Much of these transports are being carried out by haulage companies of varying sizes which acts externally as carriers for their customers. All of this despite a greater awareness, laws and demands regarding environmental performance.The trend shows that the haulage industry in Sweden are moving towards fewer but larger haulage companies, which means that the competition is getting tougher for the smaller haulage companies. Smaller haulage companies and research about their competitive strategies is a neglected part of this industry.

Overweight and obesity is currently a major health problem in our dogs all around the world and it is becoming more common each year. There are few studies on the proportion of overweight dogs in Sweden, but it was estimated to be 33% in 2005. Studies in other countries report that between 25-40% of all dogs are overweight. The aim of this study was to survey the animal care for an overweight dog. It was also important to develop a scientifically based advice.

Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) within the European Union are currently facing many challenges one being access to financing due to high risk and probability of default, another being cross-border taxation issues with double taxation and information asymmetry. Since the aim within the EU is to be the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world with sustainable economic growth and social cohesion it is essential that the EU operates as a single market. Despite this need, harmonization continues to be far from achieved in the area of direct taxation which also affects the integration and growth opportunities for SMEs. In the Agenda for Entrepreneurship, the Home State Taxation regime, which is based on formula apportionment, has been proposed by the Commission as one option in order to mutually recognize the different Member States? taxation systems to facilitate cross-border activities and reduce ?red-tape?.

This master thesis was conducted in order to investigate the effects of the browsing species Yeheb on animal tissues in Swedish landrace goats and to make a literature review in order to increase the knowledge of the importance of this plant for livestock production in Somalia. The evergreen Yeheb bush is a very important feeding source for grazing and browsing animals in Somalia during the dry period. Yeheb contains cordeauxiaquinone that stains the bones of the animals red/pink, which has been an increasing problem when exporting meat to foreign countries. In an experiment, two goats were fed dry and fresh leaves from the Yeheb bush for one and two months, respectively. The goats did not feed the intended amount of dry leaves, since the supply and palatability was not as high as estimated.

 In his book Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982) Saul Kripke claims that Wittgenstein argues for a certain form of scepticism in his book Philosophical Investigations (1953), namely a new form of philosophical scepticism, a result of Wittgenstein´s idea of language as language games. Nihilism, scepticism of meaning or of concept, constitutive scepticism are other commentators´ different names of the same phenomenon. The philosophy of Wittgenstein accounts for how our words, including the words of mathematics, have no meaning and there are no a priori justified objective facts as to what I mean about a word. We follow the rules blindly and without justification. We are unable to find any facts against this proposal.

BakgrundPsykossjukdomar förekommer över hela världen och riskerar att leda till ett stort lidande för den drabbade individen och dennes anhöriga. Läkemedelsbehandlingen är en viktig del av behandlingen vid psykossjukdomar och syftar till att hjälpa individen att återgå till ett så normalt liv som möjligt. Bristande följsamhet till läkemedelsbehandlingen vid psykossjukdom är en vanlig orsak till att patienten återinsjuknar i en psykos och utgör en betydande riskfaktor för behov av sjukhusinläggning. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att problemet ofta underskattas och att sjukvårdspersonal ägnar för lite tid åt att hjälpa dessa patienter nå en högre grad av följsamhet.SyfteAtt belysa omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan bidra till att öka följsamheten till ordinerad läkemedelsbehandling hos patienter med psykossjukdomar.MetodFör att sammanfatta kunskapsläget inom forskningsområdet valdes litteraturöversikt som metod. Sökningar efter relevanta artiklar utfördes i databaserna Cinahl, Pub Med och PsycInfo.

The sun is essential to life on earth and no matter where you are, there is a constant need ofenergy. Nearly 800 000 years ago man learned for the first time to use fire in a controlled way.Since then, fire has given us the opportunity to inhabit places despite a cold climate. In Swedenthe resident sector accounts for a major part of the total consumption of energy. In a time whenenvironmental issues and greenhouse effects are increasing, we also see a future of rising energyprices. With this perspective, we have in this bachelor thesis in the Building Environment at theRoyal Institute of Technology, KTH, in Stockholm decided to focus on the renewable energysource, solar energy.The energy from solar radiation is a free resource and does not have any negative effects uponthe environment.