Den vanligast förekommande smittspridningen sker via händer. Trots stor kunskap om vikten av handhygien bland sjukvårdspersonal har olika studier visat att följsamheten inte motsvarar det förväntade. Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att belysa läkares och sjuksköterskors kunskap om, attityder och följsamhet till handhygien samt att belysa eventuella skillnader. Arbetet omfattar tio vetenskapliga artiklar från Europa och Nordamerika samt litteratur för att besvara uppsatsens frågeställning. Resultatet i den här uppsatsen visar att både läkare och sjuksköterskor har relativt goda kunskaper om handhygien men där läkare och sjuksköterskor jämförs har sjuksköterskor bättre kunskaper. De vanligaste orsakerna till negativa attityder är tidsbrist samt torr och irriterad hud p g a handtvättningsmaterial.

The purpose of our study is to see how an organization, and also a administrative authority, communicates by using social media. The organization in this case is the Swedish Police, because of their paradoxical problem with confidentiality versus openness and transparency. The Police has over a hundred Facebook-accounts, where they try to have a open dialogue with their publics without breaking the law of secrecy. Our general purpose of the study is also to see what the pros and cons are of having a own media channel, instead of the traditional media and their often anticipation twists.The result of the study showed that the three different police precincts, which we investigated in our essay, are working in three different ways. The gap may affect their overall reputation and trust gained by their publics.

I have in this study examined, through qualitative interviews, how adults with foreign background that are pupils in adult education in Sweden, understand the concepts democracy and dictatorship. Their expressed understandings have been compared with their former life experiences as well as with the aim of the social studies to create a qualitative understanding of essential social concepts. My starting point is theories about the adult in leaning processes. It has been assumed that the adult interprets the world much through former life experiences. I have also relied on the idea that having a qualitative, more scientific, understanding of essential subjects is important for the adult as a member of society and participator in the on-going political debate.

This thesis is based on an investigation to find out in what way 40 Swedish public librarieskeep and preserve their library materials. The investigation is based on inquiries sent outto the libraries. It deals with the keeping of books with regard to external factors which havedestructive effects on library materials as well as the safety at the library buildings. It is, aswell, about the preserving work being done at the libraries.Comparisons are made with literature and accounts about preserving measures and recommendationsregarding appropriate environment in premises and depositories. The resultsshow great differences between the libraries as to the library environment, i.e.

The argument whether women should drink alcohol during pregnancy, has been debated for centuries. Women's drinking behaviour throughout the ages is not a static phenomenon but has changed in compliance with the customs of the time. The purpose of this study was not to evaluate if alcohol damages the unborn child, but rather to explore how women, who have just given birth and hence have become mothers, looked at alcohol in relation to pregnancy and motherhood. To accomplish this we have used a qualitative method with a semi-structured interview guide. What has turned out to be central to our conclusions is the fact that though, in today's society, there is access to newly produced science reports concerning alcohol in connection to injuries to the foetus, it is our belief that the demands and expectations directed on the mother are dominant in this matter..

In this master thesis work, a new method called MultiScat, is compared with the conventional method with alfa-correction, for computing concentrations from intensities in X-ray spectrometric analysis. The conventional model is a linear model, which only takes the photoelectric effect into consideration. It doesn't consider Rayleigh and Compton scattering even though it has a great impact on the measured intensities. Here MultiScat differs a lot. MultiScat is based on a solution of the Boltzmann transport equation.

Titeln på denna uppsats är "Beskrivning av tok pisin". Och det är också vad uppsatsen avser att vara, en sammanfattande beskrivning, på svenska, av språket tok pisin, översiktlig och klar utan att för den skull försaka den lingvistiska korrektheten. Texten vänder sig naturligtvis i första hand till den som har en viss skolning i allmän språkvetenskap, men det är min förhoppning att även en lekman som läser uppsatsen ska få en viss behållning av den..

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att sammanställa vetenskaplig kunskap om hälso- och sjukvårdspersonals attityder gentemot handhygien. Resultatet baseras på 10 st vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visar att sjukvårdspersonal har en positiv attityd till handhygien vid patientkontakt eller vid exposition av kroppsvätska. Däremot finns en negativ attityd vid användandet av handskar, tro att handhygien orsakar hudirritation och när handhygiensmedel ej finns lättillgängligt. Personalens attityder påverkas av vilken kunskap de har och deras arbetsledares åsikter gällande handhygien.

The fact that a duty of loyalty within the Swedish company law exists should be regarded as indisputable according to the Swedish doctrine, but its content and scope is however more severe identified. As the duty of loyalty is not regulated in the ABL and the fact that there are not many precedents in this area, means that it is difficult to know the boundaries of the company management´s duty of loyalty. It is also unclear whether the company management´s duty of loyalty to the company also is targeting the shareholders. It is this issue that we intend to discuss in the final chapter of this thesis. In order to answer our questions, we will in chapter two to six give an account of the foundation of the duty of loyalty and thereafter describe the management's duty of loyalty to the company.

The survey describes a number of risks that Swedish farming companies are exposed to. The risk areas covered by the survey are currency risks, price risks and financial risks. The survey further describes why these risks have a great impact on the future development of the farming companies. The survey highlights the interrelation between the risks and the measures which can be used to minimize the risks, so-called financial instruments. The aim of the survey is to put focus on above mentioned risks and describe how these risks can be reduced to prevent the Swedish farming industry from stagnating in the future. The survey is a secondary survey whereby existing knowledge about risks and risk management is applied to farming companies. The written information on price risks and hedging is primarily derived from foreign sources.

Abstract Title: How to source from Russia? - A multiple case study of six companies? experience of purchasing in Russia. Authors: Richard Werthén, Technology ManagementJohan Öhlén, Production Engineering and Management Supervisors: Christer Kedström, Dept of Business Administration Johan Lundin, Dept of Industrial Management and Logistics, Engineering LogisticsRolf Blomgren, Purchasing Manager SR, ScaniaLars Erik Nerback, Purchasing Director SE, Scania Issues: The issues presented are:? What characterise Russia as a supplier market?? Which sourcing experiences have been made by other Swedish companies in Russia?? How can this knowledge be utilised at Scania? Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to find out whether it is worthwhile for Scania to look for new suppliers in Russia, based on other Swedish companies? experiences of purchasing in the country. Method: In order to answer the purpose of our thesis the study of Scania?s purchasing organisation has to be complemented with in-depth studies of other companies? purchasing organisations.

 AbstractHygiene plays an important role in health care to prevent contamination. Their lack of application of the basal hygienrutinera is a major cause for the spread of microorganisms occurs. The purpose of this study is to examine how rules of basic hygiene and clothing followed in the emergency department a quantentative approach involving the observation was to collect data on this activity. The data collection went on for 1 week at the emergency room, where hospital staff including doctors, nurses and assistant nurses was observed. The study showed that staff at the emergency department did not fully comply to the rules for basic hygiene routines.

The Vaxholm conflict was initiated when the Swedish Trade Union for Construction Workers shut down a construction site in order to prevent a Latvian construction company to build a school after the two parties had failed to agree upon a collective agreement in compliance with Swedish regulations. An emotional public debate followed that resulted in a discussion of the proposal for the Services Directive of the EU, based upon the country-of-origin principle. In this thesis we will analyze whether the country-of-origin principle or the country-of-destination principle is best suited to capture the gains-of-trade that the common market hoards and improve welfare within the EU. We conclude that the country-of-origin principle is the more apt of the two, though it leads to some short-run costs such as structural unemployment. But these will be more than outweighed by the gains in aggregate welfare for the EU in the long run..

Reliable methods to analyze food for the presence of almond are important ? not only for those allergic to almond, but also for monitoring the compliance with labelling regulations (EG directive 2003/89). Until now the Swedish National Food Administration has used methods like rocket immunoelectrophoresis and real-time PCR to detect almond in food. These methods are, however, not sensitive enough for protecting the most sensitive individuals. Therefore, the performance of a commercial ELISA kit was tested with regard to specificity/cross reactivity and limit of detection for almond both in solution and in different matrixes.The limit of quantitation was at least 3,1 ppm (mg/kg) in solution and similar concentrations were measured in bisquits and chocolate.

The aim of this study has been to examine the role of control mechanisms when it comes to building relationships in a small business network. In order to reach this goal, we have performed a case study of a Swedish supplier of machines to the engineering industry, which acts as the exclusive representative of a foreign manufacturer on the Swedish market. Main results: A number of control mechanisms, both formal and informal, could be identified in the network. Their specific use, as well as relative importance differ between different actors in the network. In general, the importance of formal control mechanisms decreases as the relationship evolves over time and the importance of informal ones, mainly trust, increases in a corresponding manner..