Stor förvirring råder kring hur lufttätheten ska mätas i flerbostadshus. De metoder som finns och de resultat som erhålls vid täthetsprovning av småhus är inte alltid applicerbara på flerbostadshus även om mätenheterna är de samma. Detta föranleder problemställningen för detta examensarbete:Varför och hur kontrolleras lufttätheten i ett flerbostadshus på ett praktiskt tillämpbart sätt, som också gör det möjligt att jämföra resultat från olika objekt?Metoderna som används för att undersöka detta är litteraturstudier och samtal med erfarna personer, samt demonstration av en mätmetod i fullskala. En diskussion med initiativtagarna till detta examensarbete leder fram till en rekommenderad metod och en mall för hur detta ska utföras.Byggnadsskalets luft-, diffusions- och vindtätning har stor betydelse för en byggnads energianvändning, fuktsäkerhet, termiska komfort och hygien, luftkvalitet, ljudmiljö, spridning av brand samt spridning av luftföroreningar utifrån och in.

Aspen (Populus tremula L.) and goat willow (Salix caprea L.) are two important tree species in the aspect of nature conservation. Due to the elimination of forest fires, a former negative attitude towards deciduous trees in forestry and a strong herbivore pressure, these tree species have been negatively affected during the last fifty years. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the occurrence of aspen and goat willow could be related to either human impact or to site properties, such as ground moisture and vegetation type. A side study included an inventory of a number of cyanobacterial tree lichens on aspen and goat willow in order to try to relate the occurrence of these lichens species to stand history and stand properties. The study was performed in Hamra State Forest in northern Dalarna. Nature reserves were compared with stands in managed areas.

Föryngring av skog är en nödvändig, men kostsam åtgärd och därför är det eftersträvansvärt att hitta en föryngringsmetod som är både kostnadseffektiv och ger en bra föryngring. Ett sätt att få en billigare föryngringsåtgärd är att använda frösådd. Vid en lyckad sådd gör det stora plantuppslaget att plantorna får bra förutsättningar för god kvalitet. Dessa plantor får dessutom bättre rotutveckling och stabilitet än planterade plantor. Användningen av skogssådd är dock begränsad av bl.a.

During whole-tree harvesting, there is a risk that the soil will become impoverished of nutrients. To prevent this, nutrients are returned to the harvested site as wood ash. This action also reduces the risk of soil acidification. Nevertheless, the ash does not result in any increase of tree growth if it is added on mineral soils, which is where the measure is most commonly used in Sweden. Due to the lack of growth response, the interest from landowners is small, which is why ash amendment today is not done enough to compensate for the need.

Wastewater handling of private sewage systems has become an all increasing matter. In Stockholm region the 90 000 private sewage systems contribute with larger phosphorus flows to the Baltic Sea than the two biggest sewage plants in the area, Henriksdal and Käppala, contribute together, even though these two plants purify wastewater from more than one million inhabitants. When summer house areas turn into areas for permanent living ? transition areas ? the load on the existing systems increases, systems that already often are unsatisfying. In those areas it is not clear what the best system choice is; On-site systems for single households; Local collective systems or Connection to central systems.

Sammanfattning Kisel (Si) är det näst vanligaste ämnet (drygt 25 %) i berggrunden. Bara en del av detta är tillgängligt som monokiselsyra, den form i vilken kisel är upptagbart för växter. Jordens kiselinnehåll är beroende av bergets vittring. Mycket höga halter av kisel återfinns i naturen i vulkaniska substrat (pimpsten innehåller drygt 66 % Si och scoria närmare 47 % Si), i diatomit (ett mineral bestående av resterna från encelliga kiselhaltiga alger, s.k. diatoméer) innehållande 66 % Si, scoria approximatly 47% Si), in diatomite (a mineral consisting of the remainings of single celled algae, diatoms containing < 40 % Si) and in some clays (30-60% Si).

The aims of the silvicultural method natural regeneration of spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) in birch (Betula pendula and pubescens) shelterwoods are to establish a new stand of tree seedl-ings and to protect those from high groundwater levels, frost damages and grass competition during its first life years. The aim of this work has been to (i) describe how shelterwood and stand characteristics influ-ence the results from using natural regeneration of spruce protected by a shelterwood of birch, and to (ii) compare those regeneration results with planting of spruce after soil scarification in clear-cut areas. Totally 17 harvesting sites have been inventoried and 15 of those included natural regenera-tion in birch shelterwoods, and two were subjects to soil scarification and planting of spruce. The sites represented 7-10 year old final cuts and are located in the coastal (eastern) region of the province of Norrbotten in Sweden. In all areas shelterwood and stand characteristics, as well as the number of main crop seedlings and the height of the highest main crop spruce seedling, were estimated and registered in all areas.

The primary goal of this study was to investigate how the radial growth of retained trees responds after thinning-from-above. The National Board of Forestry which initiated this study, was interested in whether there were differences in the growth-response between the tree species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Another question of issue was if there were differences in the growth response between trees of different sizes. It is within the framework of the National Board of Forestry?s, Continuous Forests Project that these urgent questions are to be answered.

Th is thesis is about how to create communicative images. It is mainly for landscape architects. With communicative images, I mean images created with the purpose to communicate a proposal or idea in a direct way to. By only looking at the image, the viewer should get an idea of what the proposal entails. A communicative image should also create an interest in the proposal.

My objective with the work, Travel Sketches, is to develop an approach to sketching as a landscape architect in connection with the field trip. Previous experiences and reference places are vital parts during the creation of new design proposals. It is by visiting and experiencing places that valuable knowledge is acquired. By sketching on site, with for example a pen and paper, a bank of reference objects will be established as well as an understanding of their practical success. Experiences and sketching are the basic tools of an architect.

Unwanted vegetation on the land of electric transforming stations is a problem, in the sense that it contributes to higher fire risks and also constitutes an obstacle for people performing maintenance operations at the station. Such unwanted vegetation is controlled using herbicides and mechanical measures. Since the use of herbicides implies environmental hazards, there is a need to find alternative ways of fighting the unwanted vegetation. Investigation into suitable plants for ground cover, trials in the greenhouse, trials in the field, soil analyses and compilation of experiences from similar trials are parts of this work. The paper also contains analyses of possible environmental benefits and economical gains. There is also a final discussion of some proposals regarding alternative weed controlling methods.

Sammanfattning Rum, form och växter är ett avslutande examensarbete som handlar om växtkomposition. Jag har valt ett antal profiler inom områdets principer om rumsskapande, komposition, färglära och några tillämpningar som jag studerat på plats samt gjort egna förslag. I detta arbete har jag börjat med rummens uppbyggnad, deras förutsättningar och sammanhang och hur detta påverkar platsen. Formen och proportioner skapar olika upplevelser och inhägnaden som har betydelse för intrycket. Människor får olika känslor beroende på rummets öppenhet, slutenhet och skala. Kapitlet som handlar om gångar berör uppbyggnaden och människans rörelsemönster i dessa.

BARAPROJEKTET: Av författarna formulerat samlingsnamn för Professional Golfers´ Association (PGA) National Sweden AB:s köp av aktuella fastigheter från Malmö kommun och planprocessen i Svedala kommuns regi. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka alternativ till, det av Malmö kommun valda förfarandet, att försälja fastigheten Värby 61:1 med flera till PGA: s golfbaneprojekt i Svedala kommun samt få kunskap om den planprocess som föregick beslutet. I vårt val av metod har vi varit angelägna om att skapa förutsättningar för replikation och utvärdering. Rapport är utförd med en kvalitativ fältstudie med ett strategiskt urval, kompletterat med en sekundär analys. Undersökningen bygger på en explorativ metod genom att vi kompletterat våra sekundärdata med ett flertal intervjuer. Genom vår omfattande granskning bedömer vi att rapporten har en god reliabilitet samt att vi fått tag i de intervjupersoner som kan tillföra rapporten god validitet. 1996 initierade Mikael Sorling, vd PGA Sweden AB visionen om att anlägga en golfanläggning av högsta internationella klass i Sverige. 2003 började Nils Yngvesson, före detta kommunalråd i Malmö kommun, arbeta med golfanläggningen och det var han som lade fram iden om att golfanläggningen skulle ligga i Torup.

Executive summary This master thesis was originally based on a specific assignment given to the authors from ABB Full Service, a unit specializing in providing maintenance outsourcing: ?How can ABB Full Service expand its offering of providing fundamental maintenance by seamlessly incorporating the business concept with competencies and solutions from other ABB divisions?? The academic issue was developed throughout the thesis, resulting in the following formulation: ?From an organizational perspective; how can service providers bring continuous added value to intra-organizational outsourcing partnerships?? Many of the key findings of this thesis are reflected in the issue. The term intra-organizational outsourcing is a proposed addition to the terminology in the academic discourse on outsourcing. The definition of the term is: ? Where an organization outsources a business process interlinked with the physical operations, requiring the service provider to take over a preexisting unit and its employees.This is an accurate description of the form of outsourcing that ABB Full Service is engaged in.

In 1996 a hunting test for British gun dogs was started in Sweden, based on a similar one al-ready in place in Norway. The aim of the new test was to describe the hunting ability of the dog and to use the results as a basis for selection. However, up to now, no genetic study of these data has been done. Therefore the aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the traits measured in the hunting test and to investigate whether the traits can summarized into fewer overall measures. Data from trails of British gundogs between 1996 and 2005 in Sweden were used to estimate genetic parameters and environmental effects in hunting performance. British gundogs consist of five different breeds: Pointer, English setter (ES), Gordon setter (GS), Irish red setter (Irl S) and Irish red and white setter.