Hallsta paper mill uses large amounts of water during the pulp and paper making processes. The wastewater is treated in two separate activated sludge processes referred to as BIO 1 and BIO 2. The main aim is to reduce the organic substance content, measured as COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) before the wastewater is released into the environment. Since the effluent produced is very rich in organic substances, the addition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are necessary to give satisfactory treatment results. Problems with sludge bulking sometimes occur which lead to increased levels of suspended matter and nutrients in the effluent.

Background: Testosterone is the most important androgenic hormone in the male. Aging is closely associated with reduction of serum testosterone which can lead to reduced muscle mass, muscle strength, bone density, and depression. These symptoms may be counteracted by administration of testosterone. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hormone replacement in men with age-related testosterone deficiency. Method: We performed a systematic review using Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT).

During pulp and papermaking process a huge amount of water is used. The wastewater contains a large amount of pollutants and has to be treated before it reaches the recipient. In March 2004 a new bleaching plant was started up at SCA Graphic Sundsvall AB, Ortviken?s paper mill using peroxide. The production of bleached thermo mechanical pulp and thus the load to the wastewater plant increased.

In some herds it has been observed that extremely short teats have become a problem; with a negative influence on the milking performance. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate to what degree the quality of the teats and the milk in cows with short teats is affected as compared with cows with normal teat length and furthermore if the milking performance could be improved by using a liner adapted to short teats. This study was divided in two parts. In the first part, it was examined if there were any differences between short teats and teats with normal length with reference to the milking performance, udder emptying, teat treatment, milk quality, and udder health. 11 pairs of cows were used and in each pair of cows one cow had teats shorter than 40 mm while the other cow had teats longer than 50 mm.

The aim of these two studies was to investigate the possible physiological, behavioural and emotional changes that appear after human-horse interactions and also to find an explanation to why they occur. One aspect that is discussed is whether the wellbeing of humans can be coupled to interacting with horses and of how the animals respond to the interaction. The first study was performed on 9 horses and their owners, both parts being subjects to registrations during 4 different interaction treatments. The second study was performed on 6 horses with registrations only being performed on the horses during 2 different treatments. Nine horses underwent 3 different treatments all performed by their owners (H = stroking of the horses forehead, B = brushing and M = stimulation of the withers) in addition to a control round (K). Each treatment lasted for 4 minutes but observations were performed until after 45 minutes from start.

Dysfagi betyder svårt att svälja och innefattar många olika problem. Det kan vara svårigheter med att få födan att passera från munnen bakåt till svalget, att riskera att få ner mat och dryck i lungorna vilket ger lungkomplikationer. En känsla av att maten fastnar i bröstet men också ett hot om isolering. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka patientens egna upplevelser av måltidssituationer, hur malnutrition kan förebyggas samt vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som underlättar ätandet för patienter som i samband med en stroke drabbats av dysfagi. Artiklar har sökts i databaserna Blackwell Synergy, Swemed+, Elin@Dalarna och Medline.

Dysfagi betyder svårt att svälja och innefattar många olika problem. Det kan vara svårigheter med att få födan att passera från munnen bakåt till svalget, att riskera att få ner mat och dryck i lungorna vilket ger lungkomplikationer. En känsla av att maten fastnar i bröstet men också ett hot om isolering. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka patientens egna upplevelser av måltidssituationer, hur malnutrition kan förebyggas samt vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som underlättar ätandet för patienter som i samband med en stroke drabbats av dysfagi. Artiklar har sökts i databaserna Blackwell Synergy, Swemed+, Elin@Dalarna och Medline.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the different substrates that enter the digestion on Sundet wastewater treatment plant for production of biogas.This work have done an analysis of data about the biogasproduction from January 2012 to feburari 2013, this showed that the food substrates has a greater gas production than internal sludge.Through laboratory test the VS, TS and COD values for all the substrates used in the biogas production could be determinded. But the COD-method was less optimal for analysis of fat and food, therefore it optimized the method for fat but due to time constraints, this could not be done on the food substrates..

Collaboration is a form of organization on the rise in Sweden. For health care, it is ofinterest to collaborate with industry to ensure that needs for specialist education andtraining are met and that products developed meet the relevant requirements.Conversely, industry actors have an interest to have a close collaboration with healthcare in order to gain insight into customer needs, provide information about theirproducts and to test products in development.The starting point of this study is an agreement and regulatory framework for formsof collaboration between public health care in Sweden in general and thepharmaceutical industry, the medical device industry and the laboratory technologyindustry. The research questions concerns how this agreement has evolved and theprocess surrounding its emergence may contribute to knowledge about collaborationas a form of organization and the relationship to concepts such as legitimacy,corruption and institutional theory.By tracking the emergence of the current regulatory framework genealogicalthroughout history, the study uncovers how the agreements have played a role in andcontributed to the legitimization and institutionalization of collaboration practices andhow crises have changed the shape of the practices. A theoretical treatment ofrelevant concepts such as legitimacy, institutionalization of practices, corruption andstigmatization of organizations form the basis for an interpretation and analysis of theprocess.The conclusions of the examination of the historical process that led to the currentagreements contribute to empirical knowledge of how crises and stigma affect thelegitimacy of collaboration practices and how the repair of legitimacy can be donesuccessfully after a crisis. The treatment of the empirical material is also a historicalsource for the development of ethics agreements between public health care andpharmaceutical industry and the medical industry in Sweden..

The main aim of this essay was to find out what kind of advantages and/or disadvantages giving marks in pupils order and behaviour can cause for their development of knowledge and emotional and social skills. We let teachers answer a questionnaire about giving marks in pupils order and behaviour. We have also interviewed one person that was involved to prepare the latest curriculum in 1994, Lpo 94, and they decided that Swedish teachers do not have the right competence to judge ones order or behaviour. We have also looked at different theories about: mark as motivation, mark as information, mark as control, self-fulfilling prophecy, emotional disorders and gender, with whom we analyse the fact to give marks in order and behaviour.What we can establish is that giving marks in pupils order and behaviour seems to bring more disadvantages than advantages. Boys mature later than girls and have there for, in general, not as good behaviour as the girls have in the classroom.

Religiositet och andlighet tycks ha samband med fysisk och psykisk hälsa. I uppsatsen undersöks sambandet mellan andlighet och utbrändhet, två grupper behandlare jämförs och mätegenskaper hos skalorna Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs Field-Test Instrument (WHOQOL-SRPB), Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale (SIBS), Maslach Burnout Inventory ? Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) och Utbrändhet i arbetet (UA) undersöks. Studiedeltagarna var 38 programledare för kriminalvårdens tolvstegsprogram och 39 behandlare i ett psykoterapinätverk inom beroendevården (svarsfrekvens 61,5%). Andlighet korrelerade med personlig prestation (personal accomplishment; r = 0,315, p < 0,05).

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa strokedrabbade patienters upplevelser avätsvårigheter. Bakgrund: Varje år insjuknar ca 33 000 personer i stroke i Sverige. Omkring hälften av dessa upplever ätsvårigheter. Ätsvårigheter definieras som svårigheter som, ensamma eller tillsammans, inverkar negativt på förberedelsen och intagandet av mat och dryck. Metod: Detta är en litteraturstudie med artiklar hämtade från tre olika databaser: PsycInfo, Cinahl och Pubmed.

Bakgrund: Studier visar att ungefär var fjärde patient som vårdas på sjukhus har riskför att utveckla undernäring. Komplikationer av undernäring orsakar lidande förindividen samt förlänger vårdtiden vilket leder till ökade kostnader för vården.Problematiken med undernäring väntas öka då antalet äldre i samhället ökar. Äldre är enutsatt grupp där risk för undernäring, ätproblem och sömnlöshet är vanligtförekommande. Frågan är om risk för undernäring och ätproblem är vanligare hos äldresom lider av sömnbrist. Syftet: Var att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellansömnlöshet och risk för undernäring samt mellan sömnlöshet och ätproblem hos äldrepatienter.

När unga behandlas inom ramen för institutionell tvångsvård finns det några aspekter som är avgörande för behandlingsresultatet; att personalen arbetar samstämmigt och i enlighet med relevanta metoder samt att de upprättar en främjande relation till den unge. Det krävs en kombination av dessa aspekter för att på bästa sätt ge den unge förutsättningar att främja sin utveckling. Föreliggande studie syftar därmed till att undersöka hur personal på tre särskilda ungdomshem, drivna av Statens Institutionsstyrelse, ser på metodtillämpning, relationella aspekter och samstämmighet. Studien bygger på en kvantitativ del som innefattar en enkätundersökning där behandlingspersonalen besvarar hur de ser på dessa aspekter, samt en kvalitativ del där institutionschefer, avdelningsföreståndare och annan personal delger sin syn på hur metodanvändning, samstämmighet och relationella aspekter förhindrar eller möjliggör adekvat behandling. Av materialet framkommer att metodanvändningen uppfattas, av personalen, vara ett hinder för de olika verksamheterna.

Farmers are required to make sure that cattles basic needs are met, but still every year cases of neglect occur where the farmer has not complied within the animal welfare law and regulations. The aim of this study was to investigate how cattle are affected physically and behaviourally by neglect in the form of underfeeding, starvation and lack of sanitation, which animals are most vulnerable to the impact and what prospects they have to recover. The study was conducted as a literature study and the results show that these types of neglect have a large impact on the cattle welfare. Underfeeding and starvation causes physical changes leading to reduced milk production, reduced muscle mass, impaired immune function, poor reproductive performance and changes in rumen microflora leading to decreased number of microbes and pH change. Physical changes due to the lack of sanitation consist of increased vulnerability to hoof diseases and mastitis, burns, and increased sensitivity to temperature.