Rökningsrelaterade sjukdomar utgör, trots minskning av antalet rökare, en mycket kostsam post på både individuell och samhällelig nivå. Genom sitt dagliga arbete möter sjuksköterskan många av de individer som vill och är i behov av att sluta röka. För att uppnå goda resultat i form av bestående rökfrihet krävs evidens för att avgöra vilken rökavvänjningsmodell som är den mest effektiva. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka olika rökavvänjningsmodellers struktur och effektivitet med avseende på individer som står i kontakt med sjukhus. Studien avsåg även att undersöka huruvida den mest effektiva modellen bör anpassas utifrån kön och/eller sjukdomsbakgrund för att uppnå ett mer fördelaktigt resultat.

Organisationen har en betydande roll i medarbetarens livspussel. Det finns mycket att vinna för arbetsgivaren genom att hantera problem och finna lösningar som passar den anställde. Studier av hälsofrämjande interventioner på arbetsplatsen visar att bäst resultat uppnås om interventionen riktar sig samtidigt till både individen och organisationen. Syftet med studien var att beskriva kommunanställda chefers uppfattningar av hur en interventionsstudie, som chefernas medarbetare deltagit i, påverkat arbetsplatsen. Studien syftade även till att söka förståelse för chefernas vidare tankar kring hälsofrämjande arbete på organisationsnivå utifrån ett perspektiv där hela vardagen inkluderas.

Sweden experienced a decline in exports of 16 percent in the period after the financial crisis. The decline has created a lot of question marks regarding the traditional exports which has started a process with the aim of finding Sweden?s next cash cow in export.Sweden adopted stringent environmental laws early which positioned them as a strong nation in environmental awareness. The stringent environmental legislation meant that the Swedish companies were required to minimize the environmental impact, which created a demand for eco-efficient products. Despite the early demand for eco-efficient products, the international success of the Swedish cleantech companies has been modest.The government can increase firms international competitiveness by encouraging, supporting and promoting activities on the domestic market.

Today there are many studies that have shown positive results in the treatment of ICT at an early age. The focus of the studies vary, and they target everything from the actual implementation of teaching resources in ICT, to student performance with ICT support. Regardless of the amount of studies on the subject, there is no precise strategy for how to implement, working with ICT, integrate ICT in different subjects, utilizing the hardware and software that is or how it will eventually respond to new technologies. This work will there by focusing on trying to develop a basis for further research and hopefully in the future to develop an ICT strategy at a national level.In order to provide a basis, a comparison was made of ten different schools. The schools were entered into a table showing the similarities and differences .

AbstractPain among patients in their final stage of life is a commonly occurring problem. Results fromthe Swedish Register of Palliative Care (SRPC) indicate that validated instruments forassessing pain are rarely used. Nurses' insufficient knowledge of pain and pain treatmentmethods may be a cause of maltreatment of patients who suffer from pain.The goal of this study was to determine whether training within the area of pain, painassessment and pain assessment instruments increases the use of validated pain assessmentinstruments utilized by nurses working in care homes for patients in the final stage of life inthe city of Uppsala.Method: A quantitative and quasi-experimental design was selected to perform the study.The intervention study that was used consisted of one training session where onequestionnaire was given before and one after the time of training. Register data were collectedfrom the SRPC given the question of pain assessment before and after the intervention.Results: The study showed that nurses more often used pain assessment instruments after thetraining session. The results also showed that nurses to a greater extent than before alternatedbetween the two validated pain assessment instruments that were introduced at the trainingsession.Conclusion: The results showed that when nurses at care homes are given training in the areaof pain and pain assessment they absorb and use the newly acquired knowledge in theirclinical work..

According to the Läroplan för förskolan, Lpfö 98, are pre-schools suppose to introduce the written language and embrace childrens curiosity about the ability to communicate with the written language. The purpose with this research is therefor to study the attitudes of pre-school teachers towards three- to five years olds writing and also to shred some light over which role teachers and other adults have when children learn to write. The earlier research contains different theories about how children in pre-schools conquer the written language and the teachers role in this process. Teachers attitudes towards and thoughts about childrens early writing could be made visible through interviews with teachers who all currently work at pre-schools. The results indicate that pre-school teachers have different attitudes towards childrens early attempts to write.

This investigation aimed to shed light on the terms of the dispensing and the retaining of municipal social benefits granted by Swedish social services, this in regard of a less visible societal subgroup; citizens who cannot attain or retain housing of their own.Through qualitative interviews with six municipal social workers in Skåne, the plight of these citizens is revealed from a policy-making perspective in respect of views on discretion and individual appreciation. How may the applicant impact the application process and how does social subletting operate as a service effort?Further analysis of the accounts of informants? views on change and the reasons for change, sketched an image of a society where public acceptance and tolerance are crucial factors for citizens hoping to achieve a homestead through means of municipal intervention.In conclusion, flexible attitudes towards job description are of major import to the possibility of offering client support in under-staffed municipal environs. Furthermore, reflexive social workers allying with the applicant throughout the process, from application to intervention are decisive for efficacious, long-term social work..

BackgroundType 1 diabetes is a chronically disease that often occurs in early life. In every year around 77.000 children in the world is estimated with type 1 diabetes. When a child gets a chronically disease it affects the whole family, specially the parents who will be the child's caregiver.AimThe aim of this study was to describe parents experiences of living with a child with type 1 diabetes.MethodA literature review was carried trough based on 10 qualitative scientific articles. The articles were analyzed and two main themes and seven subthemes emerged.ResultsAll parents experienced that they needed some kind of support particularly early in their illness. They felt it was a big responsibility to take care of their child with diabetes and parents often felt anxiety and fear associated with the disease.

This study aims to examine preschool teachers' thoughts about the child libraries functions. The purpose is to highlight preschool children's early read and writing skills, before they even can read and write, which is a theory called emergent literacy.This is made by conducting five qualitative interviews, with the intention to investigate how the preschool teachers think about the cooperation and the function of the child library, partly for their own work with the children and partly for their organization. By using a tablechart which shows each preschool teachers mostly common thoughts in the interview and by using a model based upon Harrysson and Joelsson (2006) model, which shows the functions of the public library in the society. The results of the study are presented in the four categories of the model which are; to borrow, to learn, to ask and to find, to reside. These are functions that the preschool teachers see with the library, for their work with the childrens' early literacy.

The RECK gene is a relatively new discovered gene with important implications for cancer research. The research has been primarily concentrated on the human gene with the ultimate aim to identify the invasive characteristics. Up regulated RECK is linked to significantly prolonged survival rates in patients with severe forms of malignancies. RECK is normally expressed in all cells of the body and has an important role in the balance between destructive and constructive features of the extracellular matrix. The RECK protein is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that inhibit matrix metalloproteinases which has the function of breaking down the ECM. There is a significant correlation between RECK gene expression and the formation of new vessels, presumably via the mediation of VEGF which is an important and powerful inducer of angiogenesis.

The aim of this paper is to map out the purposes of the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. This is done in order to see if humanitarian tendencies have been an increasingly cause for the UN to initiate an intervention with military means. This paper uses the time period from the end of the cold war until today, since that historic occurrence increased the U.N.?s involvement in peacekeeping. By using this time span it enables the survey to indicate changes in the mapping of humanitarian interventions.

Sweden's drinking water quality is considered to be high partly due to a high quality of the raw water and a well developed sewage infrastructure. Despite this, there is water contamination that could be prevented by installation of a sophisticated early warning system. Some of the major players in the production of drinking water have already invested in different types of early warning systems to ensure drinking water of high quality. There are various forms of early warning systems where automatic monitoring of E. Coli is an interesting alternative.

Konkurrensreglerna utgör en del av det svenska straffrättsliga systemet och utvecklingen av dessa regler har pågått parallellt med övrig straffrättslig utveckling, främst sedan införandet av SL 1865. Konkurrensreglerna påverkar i hög grad hur brottsliga gärningar bedöms och straffas. Ändå finns det relativt lite skrivet och reglerat i svensk doktrin, förarbeten och författning.Om domstolen vid bedömning av en viss händelse kommer fram till att flera brott har begåtts och att inga andra möjliga lösningar finns i lag eller praxis, skall den åtalade dömas till gemensamt straff för flera begångna brott och situationen är alltså sådan att den dömde döms i vad som kallas brottskonkurrens; ett gemensamt straff för flera brott.Jareborg och Leijonhufvud är överens om grundproblemet med konkurrensläran, nämligen att den ledning rättstillämparen får i förarbeten och motivvutalanden är allt för liten. Riskerna de ser är också relativt lika och det är främst att konkurrensfrågor, på grund av ovan nämnda svårigheter, i allt för låg utsträckning behandlas i svenska domstolar och att risken för ojämn rättstillämpning och dålig förutsägbarhet därmed får anses stiga. Gällande terminologi och metod däremot skiljer sig deras åsikter åt och det tydligaste exemplet rör subsidiaritetsklausuler och huruvida dessa över huvudtaget skall räknas till konkurrensläran eller inte..

This is a paper in human osteology which concerns a paleopathological investigation about a possibly male dwarf from the early middle-age graveyard at the site of Löddeköpinge in Skåne, Sweden..

Studies show that the interest and knowledge about science among teenagers is decreasing. They also reveal the difficulties to explain the ecological processes and that the ideas about the nature are collected from everyday life and early school years.The intention of this investigation was to find out more about children?s ideas and knowledge about the ecological processes and to compare these results with the curriculum.The method was a questionnaire and interviews with children in school year 1 ? 6. The aim of the studies was also to find out if any progress connected to age could be found, concerning understanding of the ecological processes.The results showed difficulties in achieving the predestined goals for biology and chemistry concerning ecology cycles and they differed a lot between the children. Often the learning process showed very little progress.