Förekomsten av Extended Spectrum ?-Lactamases (ESBL) och Vancomycinresistenta enterokocker (VRE) har ökat hos gramnegativa bakterier under de senaste åren. Måsfåglar kan användas som biologiska indikatorer för att se prevalensen av antibiotikaresistens i naturen, vilken sedan kan jämföras med den hos humana populationer.Syftet var att med odling av fekalprover på selekterande och differentierande agarplattor analysera det allmänna resistensläget hos Escherichia coli samt analysera förekomst av Extended Spectrum ?-Lactamases hos enterobakterier och Vancomycinresistenta enterokocker i 300 prover från måsar på Irland. För att artbestämma bakterierna utfördes även biokemiska analyser.Den allmänna resistensen analyserades med diskdiffusionstest på Muller-Hintonagarplattor.

Utveckling av antibiotikaresistens är ett problem som innebär ett stort hot mot folk- och djurhälsa. Resistensläget i Sverige övervakas kontinuerligt genom ett samarbete mellan Smittskyddsinstitutet, SMI och Statens Veterinärmedicinska Anstalt, SVA. I Sverige har vi idag ett gott läge när det gäller resistens, men en oroande ökning av vissa fruktade multiresistenta bakterier ses även här. I flera studier, från olika länder, har man sett att förekomsten av antibiotikaresistens är högre hos unga individer för att sedan minska med åldern. När det gäller nötkreatur ser man en hög resistensförekomst i tarmfloran hos kalvar framför allt under perioden då de utfodras med mjölk. Syftet med denna studie var att ytterligare öka förståelsen om hur den unga kalven träffar på, och koloniseras av, de resistenta bakterierna.

This study was performed to investigate the bacteriological quality of French cheeses made from raw milk. Fifty cheeses of this type were purchased from Swedish retail premises. The methods described by the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (NMKL) were used to determine the number of Enterobacteriaceae, presumptive Escherichia coli, coagulase positive staphylococci and Listeria monocytogenes. In 32 cheeses (64%) the number of bacteria mentioned above exceeded the determined maximum value. Thirty samples (60%) showed high counts of Enterobacteriaceae.

In the country of Jordan, egg production is very important economically, but several bacte-ria are involved in food borne diseases transmitted from eggs or other poultry products. The most important are Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. In Jordan two different housing systems are used for hens in large scale egg production; con-ventional cages and litter floor systems. Eggs from four different farms were analysed and compared to see if a difference could be found regarding the presence of pathogenic bacte-ria on the egg surfaces between these two systems. Total number of aerobic bacteria was analysed, the presence of Salmonella spp., C.

The purpose of this study is to examine how preschool teachers think about their work with aestetic expression with children. In my study, I have chosen qualitative interviewes to take part of the preschool teachers´stories in three different educanational approaches. The prescools that have chosen are Waldorf, Reggio Emilia and a traditonal preschool. To achive this purpose I have used following questions: Which view have preschool teahers about the inportance of aestetic forms of expression for children? How do preschool teacher describe their work with aesthetic expression and what similarities and differences exist between the different pedagogical approaches? The result shows that there are both similarities an differences between the preschools, mainly how they work with aestetic forms of expression.

Objective: To determine the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from healthy Swedish dogs and whether they are carriers of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Material: Samples from skin from the perineal region and from faeces collected in the anus with cottonswab (Copan) from 299 healthy Swedish dogs. Samples were collected at dog exhibitions. Method: Specimens were submitted for bacterial culture where bacteria (Escherichia coli, enterococci and staphylococci) were isolated and identified by current methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with a microdilution method where MIC-values were determined. Staphylococci with high degree of resistance were tested for presence of mecA-gene by PCR.

Mast cells have for a long time been known to accumulate around tumors (Maltby et al., 2009). Studies show that they may be important and sometimes essential in tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis of tumors (Soucek, et al., 2007; Xiang et al., 2010). In an expression array study (Wensman et al, submitted manuscript) performed on mouse mast cells exposed to tumor conditioned medium, the gene 4-1BB was among the most up-regulated genes compared to control medium. 4-1BB codes for a membrane receptor protein of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily and has been shown to be important in T cell regulation in tumor diseases. This study was performed to investigate if human mast cells up-regulate 4-1BB when they get exposed to tumor conditioned medium.

This masters thesis is a study of how the expression quality literature is used in widespread newspapers and magazines. Wittgensteins idea of language games is used as a theoretical starting point. The analysis of 37 articles draws a picture of five language games that are called; the taking over, the polarising, the example giving, the gender critical and the ironic language game. The expression that quality literature is most often put in relation to is popular literature. The line between the two is sometimes distinctly drawn in the articles and sometimes quite vague.

Stafylococcus aureus, Stafylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcuspyogenes och Bacillus sp. är bakterier som förekommer i vår normalflora eller runt om ivår omgivning. De är i de allra flesta fall harmlösa men kan orsaka sjukdom ifall dehamnar i t.ex. sår eller kontaminerar mat. Vissa av dessa bakterier har även en tendens attutveckla resistens mot antibiotika, infektioner orsakade av resistenta bakterier kan bliallvarliga och väldigt svåra att behandla.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the possibility to identify the FRBR entity expression from existing catalogue records performed within the context of Swedish cataloguing rules. The empirical study uses a sample of records from the catalogue within the library at the University College of Borås. To begin with, the thesis reports some of the earlier discussion about the FRBR model. That gives an understanding of which problems the model has and justifies the study?s delimitation towards expression.

In the country of Jordan, egg production is very important economically, but several bacte-ria are involved in food borne diseases transmitted from eggs or other poultry products. The most important are Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. In Jordan two different housing systems are used for hens in large scale egg production; con-ventional cages and litter floor systems. Eggs from four different farms were analysed and compared to see if a difference could be found regarding the presence of pathogenic bacte-ria on the egg surfaces between these two systems. Total number of aerobic bacteria was analysed, the presence of Salmonella spp., C.

Verotoxinproducerande E. coli, VTEC är en zoonotisk bakterie som kan orsaka allvarlig sjukdom hos människa. Forskning kring VTEC har framför allt varit inriktad på nötkreatur vilka tidigt utpekades som en viktig smittkälla för människa. Förhållandevis få studier har gjorts på får och fårprodukter och kunskapsluckorna är stora både vad gäller förekomst och utbredning av VTEC hos detta djurslag. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda om får kan utgöra en smittkälla för människa vad gäller verotoxinbildande E.

Förekomsten av sjukdomen kolibacillos har ökat inom besättningar med värphöns. Utbrott av sjukdomen orsakar ekonomiska förluster inom alla produktionsgrenar av fjäderfä. Ett samband kan ses mellan ökningen av antalet kolibacillos-utbrott och den ökade andelen frigående besättningar. Flertalet parametrar i hönsens omgivande stallmiljö inverkar på känsligheten för infektion. Producenten bör lägga vikt vid att kontrollera ventilationen i stallet för att hålla kontroll på ammoniak, damm, luftflöden, luftfuktighet och temperatur, vilka samtliga inverkar på spridningen och infektionspotentialen hos sjukdomsframkallande sk.

Introduction The genetic skin disease epidermolytic ichtyosis is caused by mutations in either keratin gene 1 or 10 and leads to blisters and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis. At cellular level the disease is seen as aggregates in the keratin filaments. Since medicines are hard to investigate and produce mainly due to lack of reproducible model systems, there is no good treatment available for this disease today. In this article we describe how an in vitro model consisting of cells from a stable cell line transfected with expression plasmids to mimic patient cells, may be a possible alternative for screening compounds for therapies. The first step was to generate an expression plasmid required to complete the in vitro model.

The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken and chicken products, and to investigate farmer awareness of antibiotic resistance development. The study was conducted in the Can Tho province in Vietnam during six weeks in October to November 2008. Ninety-six samples from raw chickens were collected from twelve market places and analysed for the presence of Campylobacter. A total of 96 cloacal swabs from 20 farms were obtained and analysed for the presence of Campylobacter. Farmers were asked to answer eight questions concerning the housing of the chickens, modes of handling sick animals as well as use and knowledge of antibiotics and resistance development to antibiotics.