The purpose of this candidate thesis is to obtain an overall picture of how many prohibitions against owning or taking care of animals that were announced in Sweden in the years 2006-2008 and on what basis these judicial decisions were taken. What is the situation for the person behind the judicial decisions? Is there a so-called risk category where preventive actions to solve the problem can be taken at an earlier stage?The first Swedish animal welfare legislation came into force in 1944. Previously there was a law of 1857 that only prohibited the maltreatment of farm animals. In 1988 the existing animal welfare law was revised into an in principle new law (1988:534).As early as in the Royal Majesty?s government bill (1944:43) to the 1944 animal welfare legislation, there was a proposal that issued prohibition for those having been convicted of aggravated cruelty to animals.

In this study, 29 calves were dehorned by heat cauterisation at the age of 1 to 8 weeks. Before the procedure, the calves were given local anaesthetic but were not sedated. In connection with the dehorning, 14 calves were given the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) meloxicam and 15 calves were given placebo. During the following three days behavioural studies were performed to investigate if the different treatments had any effect on the calves´ postoperative behaviour. Head shakes, head rubs, kicks and ear flicks were studied, as earlier studies have shown that an increase in these behavioural patterns suggests postoperative pain.

AbstractThe aim with this study was to enhance the understanding of the interaction between schools and social services. The study would also contribute to better understanding of what is considered work and burst in the interaction between the two, and examine the underlying factors for this. The study's approach includes semi-structured interviews with three employees of a school and two employees in the social services of the municipality. Both international and national research has been obtained for the study and theories as well, associated with the outcome. Conclusions of this study point to the existence of different opinions between the organizations in terms of the quality of their collaboration.

The purpose of this study was to increase the knowledge and understanding of what impact support-groups, such as represented by Qvinnoqulan, can have on women with drug-addiction. The questions at issue for the essay was: How does a selection of women who participate in Qvinnoqulan describe their thoughts, experiences and reflections of the group? What sense has Qvinnoqulan made for the women on a personal level and for contributing to live a life without drugs? To answer the questions a qualitative method was used and five interviews were made with women who participated in the activities of Qvinnoqulan. To analyze the data a social constructionist perspective and an empowerment perspective was used. The result of the study showed that the women were in the process of rebuilding a new life without drugs and reconstructing a new identity.

The purpose of this essay has been to examine how the city of Helsingborg´s prevention of alcohol and drug use among youths is laid out. It has been of special interest to examine the youth centers (after school programs) preventive work with youths and its effects on frequency of alcohol and narcotics use among youths.The people we have interviewed are all involved in the three organizations: the youth centers, schools, and social services. The results showed that the youth center staff does not think that they work actively preventive against alcohol and narcotics. On the other hand, the staff at the youth centers points out that just keeping the youths in the neighbourhood and making them involved in the activities at the youth center, is preventary work. The staff at the social services points out that it is not the facilities that is part of the preventive work but the activities and the skill of the staff that is improtant for the youths..

In 2008 USA was the one country that had the most people behind bars, both in numbers andpercentage, 2,3 million people. Of all the male convicts that were being held in custody aroundthe country's different detention facilities, thousands of them were being exposed to sexualabuse, such as rape. This essay will try to understand why there hasn?t been a bigger public outcryin the American community concerning this. It does so by studying the view of rape as a crime ofgender, by examining religion in USA and the Christian view on homosexuality, looking into thepublics thoughts on prisons and the penalty's purpose plus studying theory's of the publics viewon the prisoner.

AbstractThe purpose of my essay was through economically, socially and psychologically aspects examine the impact Bethesda Children´s Ministry made on families. Special interest have been taken to how Bethesda is dealing with responsibility and expectations. Also I´ve been interested in which vital change the boy have gone through during the rehabilitation? I´ve got the information from staff, parents and former street boys through interviews done in Kenya.The first result showed that rehabilitation at Bethesda means socialisation of the boy, from the behaviour of the street, to a functional family member. A great change for the boy was stopping using drug and start live in a family.

Ett lågtröskelboende vänder sig till individer med missbruks- och boendeproblematik där intentionen är att erbjuda individen stöd i dennes alkoholproblematik samt en trygghet i boendet utan att ställa krav på nykterhet. Studiens syfte var att undersöka fenomenet: upplevelsen av att bo på ett lågtröskelboende utifrån ett brukarperspektiv, samt vad flytten till lågtröskelboendet har inneburit för de boendes livskvalitet. I analysen användes ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv med livsvärldsteorin som utgångspunkt. Resultatet visar studiens fenomen som existentiell samhörighet i alkoholmissbruk. Den delade alkohol- och boendeproblematiken gör att de boende upplever sig som jämlika med varandra, vilket också skapar en känsla av gemenskap och tillhörighet.

The aim of this study was to examine how clients who have or have previously had a drug- and/or alcohol addiction experienced interchanges with social workers. In this study, eight semi-structured interviews were made with respondents from an out-patient clinic in a small town in Sweden. Questions were asked regarding clients? experience of the social workers' attitudes during the initial meeting as well as all continuing meetings. Other possible variables that affected the interchanges, either positively or negatively, including how the clients wanted to be treated, were also explored.

Violence against women is an extensive social problem that concerns us all. The women who seek health- and medical services when they have been exposed to violence and abuse have the right to expect being well taken care of and treated by competent and understanding personnel. A kind reception can make the patient feel comfortable enough to talk about their situation. The aim of this literature review was to determine how you as a nurse should treat a woman who has been exposed to battery, to be able to offer a professional and individual care. The frame of reference is Gustafsson´s SAUK-model since the acknowledged care aim to maintain and strengthen the human´s self-judgement and self-determination.

This student report is about neutering male and female cats and compares early ageneutering to neutering at the traditional age of 6 months.The main focus in this report is early age neutering, which means that neutering isperformed when the kittens are between 6 and 16 weeks of age. This technique has beenused by shelters in the United States for a long time, to prevent the adopted cats fromreproduce and contribute to the problem of overpopulation.Two different surgical methods are also addressed; the ventral midline incision and thelateral flank approach. Ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy are also compared.I also address which drugs are preferable when kittens are neutered and some importantguidelines where you have to be extra careful when dealing with kittens.These guidelines are the preanesthetic evaluation, calculating drug dosages and preventinghypothermia, hypoglycaemia and stress.The report also has a summary of the concerns regarding early age neutering such asanaesthetic risks, growth disorders and growth plate fractures, urologic diseases andimmune system dysfunction, obesity, altered metabolism and behavioural changes.The sex hormones and how they change after neutering is also included.At the end of the report there is a compilation of a questionnaire that consists of eightquestions that I sent out to various animal hospitals and veterinary clinics in Sweden..

Abstract One of the essential conditions of the co-operating within the EU is that homogeneous conditions of competition prevail within the entire common market. The competition policy in the EU should guarantee that the competition is not distorted in a way that would prevent or create difficulties for the free mobility of goods and services between the member countries. The policy of competition should also guarantee that no new protectionistic obstacles will be formed, regardless of if it is being done by actions taken by member countries or as a result of actions taken by companies in order to set limits to the competition. Companies putting to an abuse their dominant position on the common market, or on a substantial part of it, is irreconcilable with the idea of the common market in case it could interfere with the trading between member countries, and is thus prohibited. The purpose of this dissertation is to describe the collective dominance from the view of the commission's interpretation of the practice of article 82 in the EG - treaty.

The purpose of this project was to investigate if retention of polar compounds that are given to treat tuberculosis, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease and childhood leukemia could be obtained with HILIC separation. By varying different parameters for different types of columns the compounds were analyzed with the aim of finding guidelines for future method optimizations. To perform these analyzes three different columns were tested ? ZIC-HILIC (silica-based with zwitterions), ZIC-pHILIC (polymer-based with zwitterions) and XBridge Amide (amide functions). The results were evaluated with selected quality measures.

Av de läkemedel som förskrivs i Sverige, konsumerar de äldre över 65 år ca 40 %. Anledningen är att denna grupp drabbas av många sjukdomar och behandlas med fler läkemedel. Äldre får generellt sett annorlunda och fler biverkningar än yngre. Syftet med uppsatsen var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskan kan säkerställa en god farmakologisk omvårdnad hos äldre och uppmärksamma de konsekvenser som uppstår till följd av polyfarmaci. Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie där 22 vetenskapliga artiklar granskades och analyserades varefter två teman framträdde.

The fundamental prohibitions against anti-competitive agreements and abuse of a dominant position are set out in the EC Treaty, articles 81 and 82 respective CL 6 and 19 §. EU: s objectives can be said to promote economic and social development within the community. These objectives will be achieved, among other things, through the establishment of a common internal market. In order to achieve a common market, where companies from different nations compete on equal conditions, it is not enough to prevent the member states from distortion of competition in the market. The free competition and thereby the advantages the common market is assumed to create, can also be limited through measures taken by companies.