In the next few years the pollutants loading at the Slottshagen wastewater treatment plant in Norrköping is going to increase due to the reason that one of the waste water treatment plant in the district will be shut down.A survey of how these different pollutants are divided in the treatment process is therefore necessary for mapping out both the loading and treatment efficiency.This can be achieved by studying mass balances.Mass balances were carried out for the water treatment process for the mechanical/chemical,biological and the chemical stage.The mass balance studies show that the treatment efficiency was very good. However in order for the mass balances to be quite consistent and to ensure complete coverage of results and conclusions i.e. more reliable results, sludge samples should be collected and taken at different times per day and the influent rate should be investigated.In this work mass balance has been set up in order to illustrate and identify the factors that should be considered and taken care of for further estimation using mass balances in the future. Furthermore this survey results in a calculating model for the mass balances at thisplant.This calculating model is used as a tool to facilitate future calculations for mass balances for the water treatment process at Slottshagens wastewater treatment plant.Moreover it provides a basis for carrying out further estimation of the treatment process in the near future.In this project the importance of some operating parameters was also taken in consideration.This calculating model can be modified so that calculations of such operating parameters i.e. sludge loading and sludge age can be easily performed.Such information can be used further to evaluate different operation alternative in order to ensure an optimal use of the treatment process with in the plant..

Bakgrund: Alkoholkonsumtion ligger i topp tio av faktorer som kan orsaka olika former av funktionsnedsättning och på tredje plats av påverkbara dödsorsaker. Tidigare forskning visar att sjuksköterskor var negativt inställda till att vårda personer med ett missbruk/beroende och att patienterna som upplevt ett dåligt bemötande löper en större risk att inte fullfölja sin medicinska behandling. Forskningen visade också att det finns vårdpersonal som är positivt inställd till personer med ett missbruk/beroende. Syfte: Att undersöka hur personer med ett alkoholmissbruk/beroende upplevt att de blivit bemötta när det sökt vård inom somatiken. Metod: En empirisk kvalitativ intervjustudie baserad på nio intervjuer. Resultat: Det framkom tre huvudkategorier och sju underkategorier. Alla informanter hade upplevt bra bemötande men det fanns även de som hade upplevt ett dåligt bemötande när de sökt vård. Faktorer som påverkade bemötandet var journalanteckningar från beroendecentrum, hur ens eget beteende var, sjuksköterskans personliga inställning till personer med ett missbruk/beroende, om vården söktes under påverkan eller i nyktert tillstånd..

Background:Alzheimer's disease is a disease that primarily affects the elderly but also younger people. Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia which means that you get changes in the cerebral cortex and cells gradually die. The disease causes memory loss and things that were obvious before will be difficult for the sufferer. Alzheimer's disease also affects next of kin to a large degree; they will have to take a great responsibility. The next of kin are entitled to support from healthcare.Aim:The aim was to highlight next of kin' experiences of healthcare to their family members with Alzheimer's disease.Method: The study was based on narratives, which in this case means analysis of autobiographies.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvården har och hur de upplever bemötandet av patienter med missbruksproblematik.Metoden som användes var intervjustudie. Åtta sjuksköterskor intervjuades, varav 4 arbetade på akutmottagningen och 4 på ambulansen. Studien bestod av 6 öppna frågor samt frågor om ålder, kön och antal år som sjuksköterska.Resultatet redovisades med 3 kategorier och 6 subkategorier. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av 7 kvinnor och 1 man.Intervjupersonerna lyfte fram problemet med för lite utbildning om missbruk och hur mer utbildning skulle kunna tillgodoses. Deras upplevelser var att negativa erfarenheter och för lite kunskap inom området kunde leda till bemötanden som inte alltid blev så bra.

Livsuppehållande vård möjliggör för många patienter ett förlängt liv. Att förlänga livet medför många etiska dilemman som kräver en öppen dialog vårdteamet sinsemellan. Sjuksköterskan är aldrig den som fattar beslut angående den livsuppehållande vården men är den som verkställer beslutet och utgör en länk mellan patient och vårdteam. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor upplever livsuppehållande vård. En frågeställning med nära anknytning till syftet utformades för att nå en djupare förståelse för ämnet.

AbstractBackground: When an acute illness or trauma occurs, life becomes disorganised and shattered for the critically ill person and his/her family members. The family members are confronted with thoughts about life and death which can cause stress and anxiety. How the family members cope with the crisis is individual and depending on personality and earlier experiences. Aim: The purpose of this literary review was to illustrate the family members´ experiences when dealing with a critically ill family member. Method: A literary review was made based on fifteen qualitative and quantitative scientific articles and a literary book.

AbstractThe future of ethanol is depending on good solutions for the production. ENA energy power plant produces electrical power and district heating by heating biofuel. By building an integrated bioenergy plant surplus steam could be used to produce ethanol as fuel to vehicle.This would mean that ethanol is produced renewable energy and the energy for the process derives from the surplus of power.  ENA energy, MDH (the University of Mälardalen) and the energy authority has initiated a research project were different bioenergy combinations integrate with existing power plant.  As a part of the project which size an integrated factory should be to gain the best efficiency for the plant was investigated. Consideration will be taken to the cost of the production in order to be competitive to the price of imported ethanol.  Etanolens framtid vilar på bra lösningar för framställning.  I ENA energi kraftverk i Enköping produceras el och fjärrvärme genom eldning av biobränsle.  Genom att bygga ett integrerat bioenergikraftverk där skulle man kunna använda överskottsånga till att framställa etanol som fordonsbränsle.

AbstractThe future of ethanol is depending on good solutions for the production. ENA energy power plant produces electrical power and district heating by heating biofuel. By building an integrated bioenergy plant surplus steam could be used to produce ethanol as fuel to vehicle.This would mean that ethanol is produced renewable energy and the energy for the process derives from the surplus of power.  ENA energy, MDH (the University of Mälardalen) and the energy authority has initiated a research project were different bioenergy combinations integrate with existing power plant.  As a part of the project which size an integrated factory should be to gain the best efficiency for the plant was investigated. Consideration will be taken to the cost of the production in order to be competitive to the price of imported ethanol.  Etanolens framtid vilar på bra lösningar för framställning.  I ENA energi kraftverk i Enköping produceras el och fjärrvärme genom eldning av biobränsle.  Genom att bygga ett integrerat bioenergikraftverk där skulle man kunna använda överskottsånga till att framställa etanol som fordonsbränsle.

Övervikt bland yngre barn är ett nationellt och globalt ökande hälsoproblem. Distriktssköterskor som arbetar inom barnhälsovården har en viktig uppgift, både i att arbeta hälsofrämjande och förebyggande med barns övervikt. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av vad som påverkar deras arbete med överviktiga barn inom barnhälsovården. Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys, med en induktiv ansats, beskriven av Graneheim och Lundman. Åtta intervjuer med svenska distriktssköterskor, aktiva inom barnhälsovård, genomfördes.

There are an increasing number of people suffering from depression and depressed mood. Concurrently important benefits have been noticed from the effects of massage, effects that can be assumed to restore individual?s health with depression and depressed mood. The aim of the study was to examine the importance of gentle massage in connection with depression and depressed mood. The research was based on scientific studies that were applied through the databases Cinahl, elin@Kristianstad, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed and the journal Vård i Norden as well as by manual searches.

Background:Alzheimer's disease is a disease that primarily affects the elderly but also younger people. Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia which means that you get changes in the cerebral cortex and cells gradually die. The disease causes memory loss and things that were obvious before will be difficult for the sufferer. Alzheimer's disease also affects next of kin to a large degree; they will have to take a great responsibility. The next of kin are entitled to support from healthcare.Aim:The aim was to highlight next of kin' experiences of healthcare to their family members with Alzheimer's disease.Method: The study was based on narratives, which in this case means analysis of autobiographies.

Introduction: Good hand hygiene practice is the single most important measure to reduce the spread of bacteria and viruses in healthcare. For nurses, this has become more important as the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospitals is increasingObjective: To identify factors that are important for adherence to hand hygiene among health care workers with patient contact.Method: Systematic literature review. Original articles were searched in PubMed and Cinahl.Results: Factors of importance for compliance was profession, lack of time, knowledge/education, physical work environment, attitudes toward hand hygiene, and dry hands.Conclusion: More education, less workload and more visible placement of hand disinfectant containers are examples of actions that could lead to the improvement of staff hand hygiene and reduce the incidence of healthcare associated infections. Due to the fact that health care workers around the world have different training and approaches, the result of this study may be difficult to use. To increase adherence to hand hygiene, a similar study limited to a specific country, such as Sweden, would therefore be interesting to carry through.Keywords: hand hygiene, Infection Control, Compliance..

Många studier om föräldraskap är mest fokuserade på mammors upplevelser av graviditet och förlossning. Även om mammorna föder barnen och är i behov av mer vård än papporna, är det två personer som blir föräldrar. Pappor behöver också uppmärksamhet och kunskap för att bli bra föräldrar. Svenska barnmorskor och sjuksköterskor saknar ibland kunskap om mäns upplevelser av graviditet och förlossning. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa blivande/nyblivna pappors upplevelser av barnmorskors/sjuksköterskors bemötande.

Researchers, planners, and government agencies agree that road safety for children must be a priority and in particular that children should have a safe and secure way to travel to and from school regardless of age or the distance travelled. In Sweden, child traffic safety is a key part of the country?s Nollvision, a long-term traffic policy goal of ?no deaths or serious injuries?. Unfortunately, many countries have recorded increases in child traffic accidents as the percentage of parents who drive their children to school and thus congestion around schools has increased. Common strategies include traffic safety education for children, the redesign and improvement of traffic infrastructure, bicycle training, and carpooling.This thesis assesses the traffic problem around Ludvigsberg School in the district Valbo in Gävle, Sweden.

AbstractThe future of ethanol is depending on good solutions for the production. ENA energy power plant produces electrical power and district heating by heating biofuel. By building an integrated bioenergy plant surplus steam could be used to produce ethanol as fuel to vehicle.This would mean that ethanol is produced renewable energy and the energy for the process derives from the surplus of power.  ENA energy, MDH (the University of Mälardalen) and the energy authority has initiated a research project were different bioenergy combinations integrate with existing power plant.  As a part of the project which size an integrated factory should be to gain the best efficiency for the plant was investigated. Consideration will be taken to the cost of the production in order to be competitive to the price of imported ethanol.  Etanolens framtid vilar på bra lösningar för framställning.  I ENA energi kraftverk i Enköping produceras el och fjärrvärme genom eldning av biobränsle.  Genom att bygga ett integrerat bioenergikraftverk där skulle man kunna använda överskottsånga till att framställa etanol som fordonsbränsle.