Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and it usually affects elderly women. However, there are between 600-700 cases per year in Sweden where women under the age of 45 are diagnosed. Removal of the breast or part of the breast, hair loss, fatigue and nausea as a result of the breast cancer treatment has an emotional and physical impact on the women?s lifeworld. The nurse should build a relationship with the women to identify and meet their needs. Aim: To describe younger women?s experiences of getting a breast cancer diagnosis and life afterwards.Method: Four biographical books were analyzed to match the aim of the study.Result: The findings were that the women experience similar thoughts and feelings when it comes to living with a cancer diagnosis.

This essay deals with Swedish unemployment politics during the period 1918-1932, and can be seen as a contribution to earlier research of how the policies, established by the State Unemployment Commission, was carried out at a local level. This study bears upon  Uddevalla municipality, a town in the southwestern part of Sweden, which had about 13,700 inhabitants in 1920.The research was conducted in Uddevalla municipality archives, and the sources used are above all municipal records and documents from the local unemployment committee. The measures taken by the local committee to reduce the effects of unemployment have then been compared with the directives of the State Unemployment Commission.The survey shows that the local unemployment committee, at least during the first half of the 1920s, was very keen to follow the directives of the State Unemployment Commission, and they also tried to charge the municipality's economy as little as possible. The local policy was often even more restrictive than the demands from the State Unemployment Commission. During a few years in the middle of the 1920s, when the unemployment was relatively low, most of the unemployed did not recieve any help at all.The restrictive policy, however, led to an increasing Distress among the unemployed, and the poor relief had to give financial help to a lot of unemployed and their families.

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of an external source. 10-15 % of the population is experiencing tinnitus. There are different causes such as damage to the inner ear, musculartension and stress. Tinnitus affects many different aspects of an individuals life and often disturbs everyday activities. There are different treatments for tinnitus.

Healthcare staff working within emergency care must often handle extreme and emotional situations. Most of the certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) will some time during their professionally active lives confront with events that are difficult to handle and for some these events will lead to more or less serious traumatic Distress and in certain cases develop post traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Many studies demonstrate that staff working in similar stress related environment runs larger risk in order to get stress related symptoms. The aim with the study was to describe the experiences around difficult work related events among CRNAs. The study was implemented as a descriptive study with qualitative run-up via a questionnaire with open questions relevant for the study's aim.

The aim of this study is to examine how social workers and pree-school teachers resonate about their experiences of cooperation with each other, in relation to maltreated children and the duty to report. Several studies show that there is a difference between how many children that is suspected of maltreatment and how many that are reported to social service. In Sweden, pre-school staff are obliged to notify the suspicion of child abuse according to 14: 1 SoL, but previous research indicates that the obligation to declare is not used to the extent that it should. One reason for the low notification rate is  the interaction between preschool and the social services shortcomings.Therefore, we believe it is relevant to examine how the cooperation really looks like between the organizations, when the child is being abused or at risk of suffering. The results of the study are based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with four preschool teachers and four administrators.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe how patients with acute illness experience their given care in the emergency department. Method: A literature review of ten studies where differences and similarities were analyzed. These studies had been published between the years of 2000 and 2011. Results: The analysis showed a lack of sufficient care concerning patients? subjective experiences.

Hambert, M. Degree project in social work. Malmö University: Faculty of health and society, Department of social work, 2014. Equine assisted therapy is for many a yet unknown form of rehabilitation. In the current situation there is a lack of documented research on horses' involvement in rehabilitation and social work. Studies show that animals, and especially horses, can have a positive impact on human well-being, both physically and mentally.

Sjuksköterskor upplever stora krav och stor belastning i sitt dagliga arbete, dels från patienter, dels från kollegor och dels från sig själva vilket gör att de ofta känner sig otillräckliga. Den stora fysiska och psykiska belastningen leder till att sjuksköterskor känner oro över kvaliteten på vården vilket ger upphov till moralisk stress. Sjuksköterskor upplever moralisk stress i högre grad än andra professioner och är en betydande orsak till att sjuksköterskor avslutar sin anställning. I tidigare forskning har få studier moralisk stress som huvudsyfte. Därför syftar denna allmänna litteraturstudie till att undersöka närmare vad sjuksköterskan upplever i sin moraliska stress.

Syfte: Att undersöka i vilka situationer moralisk stress förekom hos sjuksköterskor inom somatisk vård och hur uppfattningen av moralisk stress påverkades av sjuksköterskans ålder och erfarenhet. Bakgrund: Moralisk stress hos sjuksköterskor uppkommer när de vet vad som borde göras, men strukturella, organisatoriska eller ekonomiska faktorer utgör ett hinder för att utföra rätt handling. Effekter av detta kan leda till dålig självkänsla, depression eller att arbetsplatsen lämnas. Metod: En litteraturstudie med granskning och bearbetning av tio kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor upplevde moralisk stress i samarbete med andra professioner samt vid samarbete inom den egna professionen. Moralisk stress upplevdes vid meningslöst vårdande som till exempel ineffektiv vård när läkaren gav inkompetent vård. Även vid meningslöst livsuppehållande vård upplevdes moralisk stress. I vissa etiska situationer och vid besparingar som innefattade personalbrist och kostnadsbesparingar, uppstod även moralisk stress.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor skattar sig att bli stressade av tidsbrist och resursbrist. Moralisk stress uppstår ur dilemman. Dilemmat uppstår när det finns begränsningar i organisationen, konflikter med bedömningar som andra har gjort hindrar en att göra det som egentligen anses riktigt och tankar uppkommer om vad som ska göras istället. Syfte: Att undersöka distriktssköterskans erfarenhet av stress i sitt arbete på vårdcentral med fokus på moralisk stress. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med åtta distriktssköterskor och analyserades med manifest kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Distriktssköterskorna erfor stress i många olika situationer och det som var mest framträdande var tidsbrist samt situationer i telefonrådgivningen. Det fanns ett större vårdbehov än vad det fanns läkartider och då kunde inte distriktssköterskorna ge den vård som de önskade. Regler och rutiner kunde upplevas som hindrande i mötet med patienten vilket gav uttryck som frustation och tankar om vad som var rätt att göra. Slutsats: Distriktssköterskorna upplever stress, oro och frustration vid stor vårdtyngd, lite personal, brist på läkartider och när kommunikationen mellan kollegor och patienter brister.

ABSTRACTBackground: Most cases of lumbar disc herniation are asymptomatic. When symptomatic, LDH may cause a significant physical and mental Distress. Initially, most patients are treated conservative but sometimes operations may be required.Aim: The aim of this study was to provide a review of the scientific basis of physiotherapy, including behavioural therapy, as a treatment to lumbar disc herniation regarding pain, function and the size of disc herniation in people suffering from lumbar disc herniation.Method: Four databases were used in the searches of literature. Assessment of the validity of the studies was done with the PEDro-scale and valuation of evidence rate was made according to guidelines made by the Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment (SBU).Result: Nine RCT-studies were included with a total of 713 participants. The scientific basis is moderate to support a pain reduction and limited regarding improvement of physical function when it comes to physical exercises, including MDT.

Introduction: The auditor's going-concern warnings express the quality assurance of information and if these are wrongly based, the stakeholders become deluded. Previous research has shown that auditors do not have any major difficulties in identifying companies that are financially Distressed to the extent that they risk receiving a going-concern warning. International studies on the determinants of going-concern warnings have instead focused primarily on the auditor's decision regarding companies that are already in bad shape financially. Auditor grounds for issuing a going concern warning may be linked to factors related to the client, the auditor, the audit firm, the relationship between the client and the auditor and the environment. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out what specific factors that affect the auditor issuing going concern warnings for financially Distressed companies.

Bakground: Puerperal fever caused by group A Streptococcus is in a global context seen as a common cause of death in childbirth.Aim: To examine the consequences of group A streptococcus infections in women postpartum and to see what a nurse can do to stop the infection with adequate nursing interventions.Method: This is a review built on 15 articles. These articles were read in full and audited with a suitable template.Result: Women postpartum has 20 times higher risk to get group A stretococcus infection as compared to non pregnant. The consequences of Group A Streptococcus infection can lead to high fever, abscesses around the uterus, sepsis, acute respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS), hysterectomy and death. Patients who share room with infected patients carries an increased risk to be infected. Curtains between patient beds can be colonized by Group A Streptococcus.

The digitalisation of adolescents? everyday lives has created new contexts in which intimate partner violence can occur. Digital intimate partner violence includes controlling, monitoring, and harassing behaviours carried out through digital tools such as social media, messaging applications, and location-sharing services. These behaviours are often normalised among young people, which makes the violence difficult to recognise and address. This study aimed to explore how school counsellors perceive and define digital intimate partner violence among students, how they describe their work with identifying and managing such violence, and which organisational and communicative opportunities and barriers they experience in preventive efforts.

This paper treats the differences in terms of insurance between optional and compulsory third party liability insurances. It also treats the purpose of the compulsory third party liability insurances and their accordance with that purpose. The primary purpose of the optional third party liability insurance is to ensure the policyholder financial resources to cover possible claims for damages. The primary purpose of the compulsory third party liability insurance is to render possible the compensation of a third party for damage done. The policyholders financial ability to pay damages is of subordinate interest, and the purpose of compulsory third party liability insurances is thus twofold.