The purpose of this study is to compare the energy related and environmental consequences of implementing optical sorting as a means of waste collection with those of reducing food waste. In addition to studying the possibility of implementing optical sorting in downtown Stockholm, the yielded amounts of energy from waste collection and reduced wastage will be calculated. This is done by way of literature reviews and interviews. The amount of energy that can be generated through optical sorting and biogas production via anaerobic Digestion in downtown Stockholm is 29-44 TJ/year, compared to 118 TJ/year saved by completely eliminating food waste. The generated biogas can replace fossil fuels, but the required food waste contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions as well as reduced bio diversity and eutrophication during the wasted food?s lifecycle.

No summary of feeding recommendations for foals exists today, which is why this subject was chosen for a literature study. The aim of this study was to describe nutrient requirements of healthy full term foals and how the feeding should be designed to raise foals if they lose their mother. Mare milk composition changes during lactation to meet the requirements of the suckling foal. Foals are born with enzymes in their small intestine and the concentrations of these follow the consumption patterns of the foal. Microbes colonizes the gut as the foal becomes older and these changes cause foal diarrhea.

Ogräs är en oönskad växt, ört eller gräs som konkurrerar med den odlade grödan om ljus, vat-ten och näring. För lantbrukaren är det arbetskrävande och kostsamt med bekämpningsåtgär-der mot ogräsen och det finns risk att skörden blir reducerad om det finns ogräs i vallen. Vid vallskörd finns också risken att ogräsfrön följer med grönmassan. Överlever fröna sedan ensi-leringen, Digestionspassagen hos idisslare och rötningen till biogödsel finns en eventuell risk för att fröna sprids och ogräsen kan därmed etableras på åkern igen. Det finns flertalet fak-torer som påverkar i vilken utsträckning ogräsfrön kan överleva.

This work is intended primarily for animal nurses/veterinary technicians and describe parts of the rabbits digestive tract, causes of gastrointestinal disease, symptoms, diagnosis, general care of rabbits with gastrointestinal disease and how to prevent that gastrointestinal illness occur. The work is largely based on literature studies but also on a questionnaire sent out to rabbit owners to get answers on how they generally hold and care of rabbits, which gastrointestinal diseases that are most common, how owners care for their animals at home during illness and to examine if the owners think that the knowledge of this subject is good at his veterinarian/clinic.The purpose of this work is to improve the skills of animal nurses but also to improve the skills of owners through competent advice from animal nurses.The result show that gastrointestinal disease often is caused due to improper feeding and care of rabbits and therefore is advices from animal nurses an important part of preventive care. Animal nurses are also an important part of treatment of rabbits with gastrointestinal disease when supportive care as fluid therapy, supportive feeding and supply of a stress free environment is important for the animals to recover..

AbstractThe dependency of fossil fuels in the transport sector causes large emissions of carbondioxide. This problem can we reduce by using vehicle gas from digested solid manure and leftover of pasture. I have studied the potential for this in the county of Västernorrland. Thepurpose is to investigate how much vehicle gas that can be extracted.One central, large scale Digestion and upgrade plant should be placed in Härnösand. Theamount of pasture and manure that is economical and practical available is enough to produce2,7-3,5 millions Nm3 vehicle gas.

I detta arbete används biogasprocessen som ett exempel på hur ett samhällsrelaterat vetenskapligt område kan lyftas in i skolans naturvetenskapliga undervisning. Vi har arbetat fram en laboration om biogas och givit förslag på hur en sådan kan användas direkt i skolan naturvetenskapliga laborativa delar. Vi föreslår ett sätt att prova om elevers nyfikenhet och upptäckarglädje för naturvetenskap och teknik ökar om undervisningens innehåll och upplägg är aktuellt och samhällsrelaterat. I arbetet har vi kommit i kontakt med tre områden: Ett naturvetenskapligt forskarsamhälle, tillämpningar i samhället av ett naturvetenskapligt innehåll samt skolans naturvetenskapliga undervisning. Relationerna mellan dessa delar är med och formar skolans innehåll och läraryrkets komplexa uppdrag.

In a sustainable society the use of renewable energy and recycling of materials is of high importance. Wastewater treatment plants use large amounts of energy in the processing of wastewater. This study seeks to evaluate wastewater as an energy resource and to examine treatment plants potential to become sustainable energy producers. The study is based upon the internal processes of Himmerfja?rdsverket.

This project aims to investigate whether algae can be used for biodiesel production in Italy. Algaes are a good option since they are fast growing and do not occupy arable land. The aspects that have been considered are growing, harvesting, which algae strain that is most suitable, extraction of oil, the production of biodiesel and where in Italy this could be possible due to climate. Cost? and energy calculations have been made to investigate if biodiesel produced from algae would be profitable. During the production of biodiesel there are several residues obtained. When the oil has been extracted from the algae, biogas is produced from the residual biomass by anaerobic Digestion and then the electricity that can be produced is supplied to the production of biodiesel.

Biogas är en förnyelsebar energikälla som tillverkas genom att organiskt material som matavfall bryts ner av mikroorganismer under anaeroba (syrefria) förhållanden. Regeringen har satt upp mål för en högre matavfallsutsortering vilket leder till ökad mängd tillgängligt substrat till biogasproduktion.Matavfallet som samlas in börjar brytas ner under tiden det transporteras och lagras. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur länge matavfall lagras, ta fram ett representativt recept på ett genomsnittligt matavfall i Sverige och utvärdera hur mycket metanpotential som försvinner från matavfall med avseende på lagringstid, insamlingssystem (papper- och plastpåse) och lagringstemperatur (22°C och 6°C) genom laboratorieförsök.Den genomsnittliga lagringstiden för matavfall från villor och flerbostadshus i undersökningen var sex dagar. Ett recept för matavfall har tagits fram med hjälp av litteratursökning och modifiering av recept i Avfall Sveriges rapport U2010:10. Laboratorieförsöken visade att skillnaden i metanpotential mellan plast och papper var tydlig vid 22°C, då metanpotentialen sjunker, men obefintlig vid 6°C.För att uppnå maximal metangasproduktion från matavfall under den varma delen av året så är plastpåsar bättre då de har en mer konserverande effekt på matavfallet än papperspåsar.

Avloppsreningsverket Sundet i Växjö har en rötningsanläggning som producerar biogas. Anläggningen består idag av två rötkammare och en maskin för avvattning som substratet går igenom efter rötningen. Substratet som används i rötningsprocessen är avloppsslam från Växjö. Planer finns på att utöka processen med en tredje reaktor i vilken det rötade slammet ska återrötas. Detta för att få ut mer biogas ur slammet.

In ambition to produce more and better harvests, artificial fertilizers are used to produce a better growth of crops in the agriculture landscape. This contributes to leakage of nutrients. Our forests also exhibit a leakage of nutrients. Air pollution contributes to more nutrients. High precipitation with high water flows as a consequence seems currently to occur more frequently in the county of Halland.

Det är många faktorer som bestämmer val av tak i olika situationer idag. Den största frågan som uppstår handlar oftast om kostnaden. I intervjuer och studier har en sammanställning gjorts som beskriver alternativen grönt tak eller traditionella svarta tak på det nya badhuset i Umeå ur de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna.Det extensiva gröna taket visar sig vara mer bullerdämpande, förbättrar luftkvaliteten i tätbefolkade och trånga städer. Det gröna taket har även en förmåga att ta upp ca 50 % av den årliga nederbörden. Något som gör det gröna taket mer hållbart ur ett miljömässigt perspektiv.

Scrapie is an infectious neurologic disease in sheep caused by prions, corresponding to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in other species. The prion is presumably constituted of PrPSc, the misfolded form of the normal endogenous prion protein, PrPC, which is found in practically all cells in the body. PrPSc can induce a conformational change in PrPC and misfold it as an imprint of itself; this is how prions amplify and spread. The process of conformational change is poorly understood and there might exist intermediate forms between PrPC and PrPSc. Bioassay using mice has traditionally been the golden standard in prion studies but is limited by cost and time.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the content of glucose, fructose, sucrose and fructan (WSC) varied in silage, haylage and hay harvested from the same field and at the same time of harvest. The study also investigated if differences in the WSC-fraction in the forages caused differences in composition of WSC in the colon of horses fed the forages. Hay, haylage and silage were harvested in the first week of June 2005 and stored for about nine months before feeding. Horses that were fistulated in right ventral colon and caecum were used, but only the colon fistula was used for sampling. The fresh crop and the conserved hay, haylage and silage were analyzed for chemical composition and WSC-fraction.

Chewing behaviour includes both eating and ruminating activity. Chewing behaviour is of great importance for the feed intake as through the action of chewing (i.e. eating and ruminating) animals mechanically process the forages in small particle sizes and prepare the food for Digestion. As cattle grow the chewing behaviour changes along with increasing body weight and chewing efficiency is increased. The aim of this thesis was to review the available scientific literature in order to describe chewing behaviour in growing cattle, as well as the factors that affect this behaviour.